<b>ABSTRACT</b>Sodium bicarbonate (SB) is considered an effective ergogenic supplement for improving high-intensity exercise capacity and performance, although recent data suggests that women may be less amenable to its ergogenic effects than men. Currently, an apparent paucity of data on women means no consensus exists on whether women benefit from SB supplementation. The aim of the current study was to quantify the proportion of the published literature on SB supplementation that includes women, and to synthesise the evidence regarding its effects on blood bicarbonate and exercise performance in women by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. Electronic searches of the literature were undertaken using three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus) to identify relevant articles. All meta-analyses were performed within a Bayesian framework. A total of 149 SB articles were identified, 11 of which contained individual group data for women. Results indicated a pooled blood bicarbonate increase of 7.4 [95%CrI: 4.2-10.4 mmol·L^-1] following supplementation and a pooled standardised exercise effect size of 0.37 [95%CrI: -0.06-0.92]. The SB literature is skewed, with only 20% (30 studies) of studies employing female participants, of which only 11 studies (7.4%) provided group analyses exclusively in women. Despite the small amount of available data, results are consistent in showing that SB supplementation in women leads to large changes in blood bicarbonate and that there is strong evidence for a positive ergogenic effect on exercise performance that is likely to be small to medium in magnitude.HighlightsThis study aimed to quantify the proportion of the published literature on sodium bicarbonate supplementation that includes women and to synthesise the evidence regarding its ergogenic effect on women, using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach.The sodium bicarbonate literature is skewed, with only 30 studies (20%) employing female participants, of which only 11 studies (7.4%) provided group analyses exclusively in women.Despite the small amount of available data, results are consistent in showing that sodium bicarbonate supplementation in women leads to large changes in blood bicarbonate and that there is strong evidence for a positive ergogenic effect on exercise performance that is likely small to medium in magnitude.Based on these findings, we do not believe there is any evidence to support sex-specific sodium bicarbonate dosing recommendations and that current recommendations of 0.2-0.3 g·kg^-1BM of SB taken 60-180 min prior to high-intensity exercise appear appropriate for the female athlete.

Anecdotally, there are attestations from clinicians of calcium carbonate being used successfully for laboring people experiencing labor dystocia. The goal of this narrative review was to provide a synopsis of pertinent literature on calcium use in obstetrics to explore the potential benefit of calcium carbonate as a simple and low-cost intervention for prevention or treatment of labor dystocia. To answer how calcium and carbonate physiologically contribute to myometrium contractility, we conducted a literature search of English-language peer-reviewed articles, with no year limitation, consisting of the keywords "calcium," "calcium carbonate," "calcium gluconate," "pregnancy," "hemorrhage," and variations of "smooth muscle contractility" and "uterine contractions." Though no overt evidence on calcium carbonate's ability to prevent labor dystocia was identified; relevant information was found regarding smooth muscle contractility, calcium's influence on uterine muscle contractility, and carbonate's potential impact on reducing amniotic fluid lactate levels to restore uterine contractility during labor. Studies reporting the potential effectiveness of calcium gluconate and sodium bicarbonate in preventing labor dystocia offer background, safety information, and rationale for a future randomized control trial to evaluate the ability of calcium carbonate to prevent labor dystocia and reduce rates of cesarean section. "Calcium Carbonate as a Potential Intervention to Prevent Labor Dystoci" by Sabahat Raees, Marie Forgie et al. --> Skip to main content Institutional Repository My Account Home &gt; Journals &gt; Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews &gt; Vol. 10 (2023) &gt; Iss. 3 Calcium Carbonate as a Potential Intervention to Prevent Labor Dystocia: Narrative Review of the Literature Authors Sabahat Raees , Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University Follow Marie Forgie , Aurora Sinai Medical Center, Aurora Health Care Follow Rita Mitchell , Library, Aurora Sinai Medical Center Follow Emily Malloy , Midwifery and Wellness Center, Aurora Sinai Medical Center Follow Publication Date 7-18-2023 Keywords calcium carbonate, pregnancy, labor dystocia, Tums, obstetrics, cesarean Abstract Anecdotally, there are attestations from clinicians of calcium carbonate being used successfully for laboring people experiencing labor dystocia. The goal of this narrative review was to provide a synopsis of pertinent literature on calcium use in obstetrics to explore the potential benefit of calcium carbonate as a simple and low-cost intervention for prevention or treatment of labor dystocia. To answer how calcium and carbonate physiologically contribute to myometrium contractility, we conducted a literature search of English-language peer-reviewed articles, with no year limitation, consisting of the keywords “calcium,” “calcium carbonate,” “calcium gluconate,” “pregnancy,” “hemorrhage,” and variations of “smooth muscle contractility” and “uterine contractions.” Though no overt evidence on calcium carbonate’s ability to prevent labor dystocia was identified; relevant information was found regarding smooth muscle contractility, calcium’s influence on uterine muscle contractility, and carbonate’s potential impact on reducing amniotic fluid lactate levels to restore uterine contractility during labor. Studies reporting the potential effectiveness of calcium gluconate and sodium bicarbonate in preventing labor dystocia offer background, safety information, and rationale for a future randomized control trial to evaluate the ability of calcium carbonate to prevent labor dystocia and reduce rates of cesarean section. Recommended Citation Raees S, Forgie M, Mitchell R, Malloy E. Calcium carbonate as a potential intervention to prevent labor dystocia: narrative review of the literature. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2023;10:128-35.

<h4>Background</h4>Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation may enhance short-term, high-intensity exercise performance through improved extracellular buffering capacity, but its effect on continuous running performance has not been systematically evaluated. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials examining the effects of oral single-dose SB supplementation on continuous running performance.<h4>Methods</h4>We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for eligible trials published through 31 December 2024. The primary outcome was performance on a continuous running test. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and GI-associated study withdrawal rates. Running performance was analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis with adjustment for GI-related study withdrawals using intent-to-treat methods and publication bias using the trim-and-fill method. Treatment effects were reported using the standardized mean difference (SMD) statistic where 0.00-0.19 represents negligible benefit, 0.20-0.49 small benefit, 0.50-0.79 medium benefit, and ≥ 0.80 large benefit. We used univariable meta-regression to examine factors associated with treatment effect magnitude. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach.<h4>Results</h4>Among 11 studies with 126 participants, all used a cross-over design. Most (84%) subjects were male, SB dose was typically 0.3 g/kg, and performance test durations ranged from 1 to 30 minutes (median: 4 minutes). GI symptoms occurred more frequently with SB than placebo (29.5% vs. 2.6%; odds ratio = 5.9; <i>p</i> = 0.003; low certainty), as did GI-related study withdrawal (8.7% vs. 1.6%; odds ratio = 2.9; <i>p</i> = 0.049; moderate certainty). After adjusting for GI-related study withdrawal and publication bias, the treatment effect of SB was negligible Abbreviations : BMI = body mass index; F = female; M = male; V ⋅ O 2 max = maximal oxygen consumption. SB dosing was consistent across studies, with most (9 of 11) using 0.3 g/kg body mass (range: 0.2–0.4 g/kg). The most commonly used placebos were sodium chloride or calcium carbonate. SB or placebo was administered in powder (6 studies) or capsule (5 studies) form, mixed with water, juice, or flavored drinks (typically 250–1000 ml), and primarily taken without food. The mean time between product ingestion and initiation of the running performance test ranged from 60 to 146 minutes (median 90 minutes). Study Dosing medium Dosing form SB dose (g/kg) Placebo type & dose Mean pre-exercise timing (min) Mean time to ingest SB (min) Food co-ingestion Running performance test Mean test duration (min)* Washout (days) Bird [ 16 ] Diluted orange juice (400 ml) Powder 0.3 Sodium chloride (0.1 g/kg), calcium carbonate (0.2 g/kg) 90 60 No 1500 meter time 4.3 ≥3 Brisola [ 17 ] Water (500 ml) Capsule 0.3 Dextrose (0.3 g/kg) 85 10 No Time to exhaustion at 110% V ⋅ O 2 max 2.8 ≥2 Freis [ 18 ] Water (700 ml) Powder 0.3 Sodium chloride (4 g) 60 60 No Maximum running speed in graded exercise test 17.3 7–9 George [ 19 ] Water (500 ml) Capsule 0.2 Not reported (0.2 g/kg) 120 60 No Time to exhaustion at running velocity corresponding to 4 mmol/L blood lactate 28.1 — Goldfinch [ 20 ] Water-based low-energy drink (250 ml) Powder 0.4 Calcium carbonate (0.4 g/kg) 90 60 No 400 meter time 1.0 7 Lassen [ 21 ] Water (volume not reported) Capsule 0.3 Calcium carbonate (0.3 g/kg) — — Yes 3.5 km time trial 13.0 3–7 Potteiger [ 22 ] Water (1000 ml) Capsule 0.3 Wheat flour (0.5 g/kg) 125 10 No Time to exhaustion at 110% lactate threshold (89% V ⋅ O 2 max); preceded by 30 minutes at lactate threshold 8.5 7 Shing [ 23 ] Water (550 ml) Powder 0.3 Sodium chloride (0.045 g/kg) 60 — Yes Maximal distance in 30 minutes; preceded by 30 minutes at 65% V ⋅ O 2 max 30.0 ≥7 Tiryaki [ 24 ] Sugar-free Kool-Aid (volume not reported) Powder 0.3 Sugar-free Kool-Aid (volume not reported) 146 4 No 600 meter time 2.0 7 van Montfoort [ 25 ] Water (750 ml) Capsule 0.3 Sodium chloride (0.21 g/kg) 135 90 No Time to exhaustion; protocol intended to elicit maximum effort in 1–2 minutes (19–23 km/hr at 2–3% grade) 1.3 2–5 Wilkes [ 26 ] Water ad libitum (mean: 504 ml) Powder 0.3 Calcium carbonate (0.3 g/kg) 90 120 No 800 meter time 2.1 5 *Mean duration across sodium bicarbonate and placebo conditions. Abbreviations : SB = sodium bicarbonate; V ⋅ O 2 max = maximal oxygen consumption. 3.2. Risk of bias All studies were graded as low risk of bias for selection, performance, and detection bias. The primary risk of bias involved incomplete outcome data where participants who withdrew due to GI symptoms were excluded from data analyses (2 of 11 studies). In addition, studies that did not report GI symptoms or GI-related withdrawals were classified as having unclear risk of selective reporting bias (5 Bubble plot of the association between participant sex and the treatment effect of sodium bicarbonate on continuous running performance using intent-to-treat analysis. The SMD of the effect of sodium bicarbonate on continuous running performance and the percentage of male participants are plotted in blue for each study. The circle size is proportional to the study weighting in the random-effects model. The red line represents the regression line of best fit and blue shading represents the 95% CI. The treatment effect (SMD) of sodium bicarbonate was positively associated with percentage of male participants ( p = 0.03). The circle size is proportional to the study weighting in the random-effects model. The red line represents the regression line of best fit and blue shading represents the 95% CI. The treatment effect (SMD) of sodium bicarbonate was positively associated with participant body mass ( p = 0.04). Abbreviations : CI = confidence interval; SMD = standardized mean difference. Table 3.

<h4>Background</h4>Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience a decline in muscle mass and metabolic disturbances, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Sodium bicarbonate, cholecalciferol, and protein supplementation are commonly used pharmacological and nutritional interventions; however, systematic evidence comparing their effects on muscle mass, metabolic status, and related outcomes in CKD patients remains lacking.<h4>Methods</h4>We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to July 1, 2025, and included eligible comparative clinical studies. Conventional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis (NMA) were used to compare the three categories of interventions in outcomes such as muscle mass, muscle function, and serum metabolic parameters, and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values were used to rank intervention effects.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 22 studies involving 2,879 patients were included, comprising 11 on sodium bicarbonate, 5 on cholecalciferol, and 6 on protein supplementation. Conventional meta-analysis indicated that sodium bicarbonate may be more effective in improving HCO₃^- and potassium levels in the early stage and may have certain effects on eGFR and systolic blood pressure at 24 months. NMA results showed that cholecalciferol was advantageous in increasing muscle mass (SMD = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.09 to 1.27), sodium bicarbonate performed better in improving serum albumin (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.99), and protein supplementation ranked highest for reducing serum phosphorus (SUCRA = 64.9%) and the incidence of adverse events (SUCRA = 71.9%). However, no significant differences were observed among the three interventions in muscle mass or serum metabolic parameters.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Sodium bicarbonate and cholecalciferol may have potential advantages in improving serum albumin and increasing muscle mass, respectively. While protein supplementation may offer some value in reducing serum phosphorus and the incidence of adverse events. Given the limited number of included studies, small sample sizes, and substantial heterogeneity in intervention protocols, these conclusions should be further validated in future large-scale, rigorously designed randomized controlled trials.<h4>Systematic review registration</h4>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251126837, identifier PROSPERO (CRD420251126837).

Abstract Acidification of the cellular lysosome is an important factor in infection of mammalian cells by SARS‐CoV‐2. Therefore, raising the pH of the lysosome would theoretically be beneficial in prevention or treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Sodium bicarbonate, carbicarb, and THAM are buffers that can be used clinically to provide base to patients. To examine whether these bases could raise lysosomal pH and therefore be a primary or adjunctive treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, we measured lysosomal and intracellular pH of mammalian cells after exposure to each of these bases. Mammalian HEK293 cells expressing RpH‐LAMP1‐3xFLAG, a ratiometric sensor of lysosomal luminal pH, were first exposed to Hepes which was then switched to sodium bicarbonate, carbicarb, or THAM and lysosomal pH measured. In bicarbonate buffer the mean lysosomal pH was 4.3 ± 0.1 ( n = 20); p = NS versus Hepes ( n = 20). The mean lysosomal pH in bicarbonate/carbonate was 4.3 ± 0.1 ( n = 21) versus Hepes ( n = 21), p = NS. In THAM buffer the mean lysosomal pH was 4.7 ± 0.07 ( n = 20) versus Hepes (4.6 ± 0.1, n = 20), p = NS. In addition, there was no statistical difference between pH i in bicarbonate, carbicarb or THAM solutions. Using the membrane permeable base NH 4 Cl (5 mM), lysosomal pH increased significantly to 5.9 ± 0.1 ( n = 21) compared to Hepes (4.5 ± 0.07, n = 21); p < 0.0001. Similarly, exposure to 1 mM hydroxychloroquine significantly increased the lysosomal pH to (5.9 ± 0.06, n = 20) versu

including humans. Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants. Sodium ions are the major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and as such Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table. Its only stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal does not occur in nature and must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth–most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in T… Though metallic sodium has some important uses, the major applications for sodium use compounds; millions of tons of sodium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate are produced annually. Sodium chloride is extensively used for anti-icing and de-icing and as a preservative; examples of the uses of sodium bicarbonate include baking, as a raising agent, and sodablasting. Along with potassium, many important medicines have sodium added to improve their bioavailability; though potassium is the better ion in most cases, sodium is chosen for its lower price and atomic weight. Sodium hydride is used as a base for various reactions (such as the aldol reaction) in organic chemistry. Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods, the production of sodium declined after 1970. Sodium is also used as an alloying metal, an anti-scaling agent, and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective. Note the free element is not used as a scaling agent, ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions. Sodium plasma ("vapor") lamps are often used for street lighting in cities, shedding light that ranges from yellow-orange to peach as the pressure increases. By itself or with potassium, sodium is a desiccant; it gives an intense blue coloration with benzophenone when the desiccate is dry. In organic synthesis, sodium is used in various reactions such as the Birch reduction, and the sodium fusion test is conducted to qualitatively analyse compounds. Sodium reacts with alcohols and gives alkoxides, and when sodium is dissolved in ammonia solution, it can be used to reduce alkynes to trans-alkenes. Lasers emitting light at the sodium D line are used to create artificial laser guide stars that assist in the adaptive optics for land-based visible-light telescopes. High sodium consumption is unhealthy, and can lead to alteration in the mechanical performance of the heart. High sodium consumption is also associated with chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure,…