Smoking during pregnancy is harmful to both the mother and child
Multiple studies and systematic reviews consistently demonstrate that smoking during pregnancy causes harmful outcomes, including reduced fetal growth, lower birth weights, placental dysfunction, and long-term developmental issues.
The retrieved literature contains multiple robust reports, including a clinical study and a recent systematic review (Papers 1, 8, and 11), that consistently validate the well-established scientific consensus that smoking during pregnancy is detrimental to maternal and fetal health. There are no papers refuting this well-established claim.
Dana Best. Secondhand and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2120
Discusses the harms of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure, noting that tobacco exposure causes significant morbidity and mortality.
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Çiğdem Yayla Abide, Ebru Çoğendez, Pınar Kumru, Evrim Bostancı Ergen, Çetin Kılıççı. Relationship Between Smoking Doses and Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Pregnancy. 2018. https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.393346
Shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower birth weights, preeclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, and increased NICU admissions.
Fraile-Martinez O, Rubio-Bedoya N, García-Montero C, Boaru DL, de Castro-Martinez P, Bujan J, López-González L, Díaz-Pedrero R, García-Honduvilla N, Álvarez-Mon M, Saez MA, De León-Luis JA, Bravo C, Ortega MA. Placental Pathophysiology in Maternal Psychoactive Substance Use: Biological, Clinical, and Forensic Perspectives.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15121128
Indicates that tobacco crosses the placental barrier, leading to impaired nutrient and oxygen transfer and increasing the risk of adverse outcomes like intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth.
Ambildhok K, Asawa K. The Consequences of Prenatal Tobacco Exposure: A Systematic Review of Birth Outcomes and Developmental Trajectories.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.105888
Demonstrates that prenatal tobacco exposure is consistently associated with reduced fetal growth, low birth weight, and adverse neurodevelopmental and psychiatric outcomes.
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