Aviation is seeking for ways to reduce its climate impact caused by CO2 emissions and non-CO2 effects. Operational measures which change overall flight altitude have the potential to reduce climate impact of individual effects, comprising CO2 but in particular non-CO2 effects. We study the impact of changes of flight altitude, specifically aircraft flying 2000 feet higher and lower, with a set of global models comprising chemistry-transport, chemistry-climate and general circulation models integrating distinct aviation emission inventories representing such alternative flight altitudes, estimating changes in climate impact of aviation by quantifying radiative forcing and induced temperature change. We find in our sensitivity study that flying lower leads to a reduction of radiative forcing of non-CO2 effects together with slightly increased CO2 emissions and impacts, when cruise speed is not modified. Flying higher increases radiative forcing of non-CO2 effects by about 10%, together with a slight decrease of CO2 emissions and impacts. Overall, flying lower decreases aviation-induced temperature change by about 20%, as a decrease of non-CO2 impacts by about 30% dominates over slightly increasing CO2 impacts assuming a sustained emissions scenario. Those estimates are connected with a large but unquantified uncertainty. To improve the understanding of mechanisms controlling the aviation climate impact, we study the geographical distributions of aviation-induced modifications in the atmosphere, together with changes in global radiative forcing and suggest further efforts in order to reduce long standing uncertainties.

In this paper the LEAP, TIAM-ECN, and GCAM models were applied to evaluate the impact of a variety of climate change control policies (including carbon pricing and emission constraints relative to a base year) on primary energy consumption, final energy consumption, electricity sector development, and CO2 emission savings of the energy sector in Argentina over the 2010–2050 period. The LEAP model results indicate that if Argentina fully implements the most feasible mitigation measures currently under consideration by official bodies and key academic institutions on energy supply and demand, such as the ProBiomass program, a cumulative incremental economic cost of 22.8 billion US$(2005) to 2050 is expected, resulting in a 16% reduction in GHG emissions compared to a business-as-usual scenario. These measures also bring economic co-benefits, such as a reduction of energy imports improving the balance of trade. A Low CO2 price scenario in LEAP results in the replacement of coal by nuclear and wind energy in electricity expansion. A High CO2 price leverages additional investments in hydropower. By way of cross-model comparison with the TIAM-ECN and GCAM global integrated assessment models, significant variation in projected emissions reductions in the carbon price scenarios was observed, which illustrates the inherent uncertainties associated with such long-term projections. These models predict approximately 37% and 94% reductions under the High CO2 price scenario, respectively. By comparison, the LEAP model, using an approach based on the assessment of a limited set of mitigation options, predicts an 11.3% reduction. The main reasons for this difference include varying assumptions about technology cost and availability, CO2 storage capacity, and the ability to import bioenergy. An emission cap scenario (2050 emissions 20% lower than 2010 emissions) is feasible by including such measures as CCS and Bio CCS, but at a significant cost. In terms of technology pathways, the models agree that fossil fuels, in particular natural gas, will remain an important part of the electricity mix in the core baseline scenario. According to the models there is agreement that the introduction of a carbon price will lead to a decline in absolute and relative shares of aggregate fossil fuel generation. However, predictions vary as to the extent to which coal, nuclear and renewable energy play a role.

Agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) emission reduction strategies are required given the potency of N2O as a greenhouse gas. However, the growing influence of N2O on stratospheric ozone (O3) with declining stratospheric chlorine means the wider atmospheric impact of N2O reductions requires investigation. We calculate a N2O emission reduction of 1.35 TgN2O yr-1 (~5% of 2020 emissions) using spatially separate deployment of nitrification inhibitors ($70–113 tCO2e−1) and crushed basalt (no-cost co-benefit) which also sequesters CO2. In Earth System model simulations for 2025–2075 under high (SSP3-7.0) and low (SSP1-2.6) surface warming scenarios, this N2O mitigation reduces NOx-driven O3 destruction, driving regional stratospheric O3 increases but with minimal impact on total O3 column recovery. By 2075, the radiative forcing of the combined N2O and CO2 reductions equates to a beneficial 9–11 ppm CO2 removal. Our results support targeted agricultural N2O emission reductions for helping nations reach net-zero without hindering O3 recovery.

Moving towards net-zero emission societies is projected to provide human health co-benefits. However, the magnitude of these co-benefits is poorly documented and might be context specific. Synthesising the evidence on these co-benefits could enhance the engagement of decision makers and populations in climate mitigation actions. We performed database searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published between database inception and Jan 1, 2024, identifying 3976 papers. Of these, 58 quantitative studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. These 58 papers explored 125 net-zero emission scenarios and considered various pathways by which climate policies can affect human health. Pathways addressing air quality, physical activity, and dietary changes found substantial health co-benefits, with a median mortality reduction of 1·5%. National or sub-national studies showed that net-zero policies would yield substantial local air quality benefits, independently of the actions taken in neighbouring countries. However, these co-benefits varied with explored emission sector, decarbonisation levers, modelling approach, and location. Studies that included a cost-benefit analysis estimated that monetised benefits outweighed the costs of implementing climate policies. This systematic review highlights the need for a standardised framework to assess and compare health impacts of climate mitigation actions across sectors and confirms that achieving net-zero goals supports far-reaching public health policies. TRANSLATION: For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and mitigation path of carbon dioxide emission from China’s wood and bamboo processing industry Abstract Quantifying carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from China’s wood and bamboo processing industry is associated with China’s emissions reduction targets, as well as mitigating global climate change. This study employed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier-2 methodology to investigate spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of carbon dioxide emission from the wood and bamboo processing industry in China from 2000 to 2019. The results showed that energy consumption reached a maximum value of 312,900.35 TJ in 2012. Energy consumption has been gradually transformed from raw coal to electricity and other clean energy. Energy intensity dropped from 1.39 TJ per million yuan of corrected production value in 2000 to 0.15 TJ per million yuan of corrected production value in 2019. Accordingly, CO2 emissions reached their peak value of 31,148.1 thousand tons of CO2 in 2012. Raw coal and electricity had profound impacts on CO2 emissions.

Many nations responded to the corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by restricting travel and other activities during 2020, resulting in temporarily reduced emissions of CO2, other greenhouse gases and ozone and aerosol precursors. We present the initial results from a coordinated Intercomparison, CovidMIP, of Earth system model simulations which assess the impact on climate of these emissions reductions. 12 models performed multiple initial-condition ensembles to produce over 300 simulations spanning both initial condition and model structural uncertainty. We find model consensus on r

<h4>Background</h4>Dietary habits are a major driver of both human health outcomes and global greenhouse gas emissions, with excessive meat consumption being a key contributor. Mindfulness, understood as purposeful and non-judgmental awareness of the present moment, has been suggested as a psychological factor that can foster more sustainable food choices. However, the empirical evidence on the link between mindfulness and sustainable diets remains fragmented.<h4>Main body</h4>This study presents the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between mindfulness and sustainable dietary behaviors. Twelve articles with 13 studies, published between 2018 and 2025, were included, covering both observational and interventional designs with sample sizes ranging from 16 to 560 participants. A random-effects model revealed a small but significant positive association between mindfulness and sustainable diets (d = 0.28, 95% CI [0.13, 0.43]). Subgroup analyses indicated that observational studies tended to show stronger effects than interventions, and that cultural context played an important moderating role, with larger effects reported in Asian samples. Facet-specific analyses suggested that certain mindfulness dimensions - particularly observing, describing, and non-reactivity - were more strongly associated with sustainable food choices, while others showed weaker or non-significant links. A focused analysis on meat consumption revealed that mindfulness was positively associated with reduced meat intake or vegetarian dietary intentions (d = 0.25). Scenario modelling using national Life Cycle Assessment data from Germany, the UK, and the U.S. demonstrated that the potential reductions in meat intake could translate into substantial CO₂ emission savings. A full adoption of the EAT-Lancet diet was projected to result in cumulative savings of up to 11% of Germany's total emissions budget by 2040, whereas incorporating the population's willingness to reduce meat intake yielded more conservative cumulative savings of 2.8% over the same period.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This meta-analysis provides systematic evidence that mindfulness is positively associated with more sustainable dietary behavior and reduced meat consumption. While effects are modest and heterogeneous, the findings suggest that mindfulness could represent a promising lever for promoting dietary change aligned with planetary health goals. Future research should further investigate cultural differences, the role of specific mindfulness facets, and the feasibility of scaling mindfulness-based interventions to support both individual well-being and climate targets.

Use in recent decades of methane as a 'clean' alternative to coal and gasoline has seen a rapid increase in natural gas extraction in the United States. Although combustion of methane produces less CO2 than traditional fuels, it is a powerful greenhouse gas with a 20 year Global Warming Potential (GWP20) that is 84x that reported for CO2 in the latest IPCC report; therefore, the promise of natural gas as a clean fuel can only by realized if emissions of uncombusted gas are sufficiently low. To address this problem, there is a need for both regional (basin wide) measurements of methane emission

"In WTO Law and Trade Policy Reform for Low-Carbon Technology Diffusion, Zaker Ahmad puts a spotlight on the crucial importance of dismantling market barriers, and offering incentives, to improve clean technology access and diffusion across borders. To that end, the author argues for a synergistic co-development of the international trade and climate legal regimes. Two case studies - one on carbon pricing, another on official export credit support- place the theoretical arguments in a practical trade policy setting. The emerging doctrine and principle of Common Concern of Humankind serves as t

Africa 2000.0: 0.636; Africa 2001.0: 0.617; Africa 2002.0: 0.59; Africa 2003.0: 0.623; Africa 2004.0: 0.651; Africa 2005.0: 0.695; Africa 2006.0: 0.649; Africa 2007.0: 0.623

DATAFLOW,OECD.CTP.TPS:DSD_ECR@DF_SEP(1.0),Shares of CO2 emissions from energy priced,I,IDN,Indonesia,ROAD,Road transport,FFUEL_BIOF,Fossil f | DATAFLOW,OECD.CTP.TPS:DSD_ECR@DF_SEP(1.0),Shares of CO2 emissions from energy priced,I,GBR,United Kingdom,INDUSTRY,Industry,FFUEL_BIOF,Fossi | DATAFLOW,OECD.CTP.TPS:DSD_ECR@DF_SEP(1.0),Shares of CO2 emissions from energy priced,I,CZE,Czechia,RESCOM,Buildings,FFUEL_BIOF,Fossil fuels | DATAFLOW,OECD.CTP.TPS:DSD_ECR@DF_SEP(1.0),Shares of CO2 emissions from energy priced,I,ESP,Spain,OFFROAD,Off-road transport,FFUEL_BIOF,Fossi | DATAFLOW,OECD.CTP.TPS:DSD_EC

Carbon dioxide is a one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food. It has a role as a vasodilator agent, an anaesthetic, a solvent, an antagonist, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a member of greenhouse gas, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite, a member of food packaging gas, a food propellant an

Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions ← Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions ( 2021 ) State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China , translated by Government of People's Republic of China → information about this edition sister projects : Wikidata item China's State Council Information Office published a white paper titled “Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions” on October 27. State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China 3793097 Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions 2021 Government of People's Republic of China Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China October 2021 Contents Preface I. China's New Responses to Climate Change II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change III. Significant Changes in China's Response to Climate Change IV. Building a Fair and Rational Global Climate Governance System for Win-Win Results Conclusion Preface Climate change is a challenge for all of humanity. The sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the future of the planet depend on tackling it successfully. China attaches great importance to its response to climate change. As the largest developing country in the world, China has adopted a number of policies, measures and actions to tackle climate change and take part in global climate govern

estimated percentage increases in total premium subsidies in 2080 in an unmitigated climate change scenario compared to a future characterized by historical