INTRODUCTION Road crashes are still one of the main causes of death around the world. Risky behavior has been proposed as one of the foremost predictors, with the theoretical framework of aberrant behavior emerging as a predominant approach for its examination. Sensation seeking has been pointed out as one of the main personality predictors of aberrant behavior. The current research aimed to investigate the moderated-moderation effect of both risk perception and self-esteem in the relationship between sensation seeking and aberrant behavior. METHOD Two studies were conducted. The first study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Risk Perception Scale (RPS), a 10-item self-report to assess risk perception. A sample composed of 471 Spanish drivers (319 female, Mage = 29.75) completed the RPS. In the second study, a different sample of 236 Spanish drivers (129 female, Mage = 38.49) completed a set of self-reports aiming both to analyze the concurrent and divergent validity of the RPS, and to test the main moderated-moderation hypothesis. RESULTS With respect to the first study, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a 7-item version which fitted in a single reliable factor (α = .74). Regarding the second study, the results supported both the concurrent and divergent validity of the RPS. Likewise, it was verified the moderated-moderation effect in the case of ordinary violations (R2 = .34), aggressive violations (R2 = .20), and lapses (R2 = .12). CONCLUSIONS The RPS is a useful self-report to assess subjective risk perception in Spanish drivers. Both self-esteem and risk perception affect the relationship between sensation seeking and aberrant driving behavior. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Intervention programs aiming to reduce aberrant driving behavior should be focused on reducing sensation seeking tendencies while simultaneously enhancing both risk perception skills and self-esteem.

ERP augmenting/reducing and sensation seeking: a critical review. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are generally considered capable of throwing light on the biological basis of personality traits. In particular, the ERP augmenting/reducing (A/R) phenomenon has been consistently associated with personality dimensions such as sensation seeking or impulsivity. However, doubts have been expressed regarding the validity of published evidence that individuals scoring high as sensation seekers are ERP augmenters. Reports of A/R-sensation seeking correlation in the opposite direction (in keeping with Petrie's hypotheses) threaten the construct validity of A/R, and lack of intermodal consistency throws serious doubts upon the existence of the central input-regulating mechanism once thought to be associated with sensation seeking. With the aim of clarification this article reviews the literature on the relationship between ERP A/R and sensation seeking, discusses the chief problems confronted by research in this area, and makes suggestions for future studies.

(1964). Sources of reports of visual and auditory sensations in perceptual isolation experiments. Psychological Bulletin, 62, 1–20. - ↑ Zuckerman, M., Persky, H., Miller, L., & Levine, B. (1970). Sensory deprivation versus sensory variation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 76 –82. - ↑ Zuckerman. M., Lubin, B., & Rinck, C. M. (1983). Construction of new scales for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 5, 119-129. - ↑ Zuckerman, M. et al. (1986). Discriminant validity of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 8, 119-128. - ↑ Zuckerman, M. (1990). The psychophysiology of sensation seeing. Journal of Personality, 58, 313-345. - ↑ Zuckerman, Marvin (10 October 2014). Sensation Seeking (Psychology Revivals): Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal. ISBN 9781317627340. - ↑ Zuckerman, M. (2008). Personality and sensation seeking. In Boyle, G.J., Matthews, G., & Saklofske, D.H. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models (pp. 379–398). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.

n-centered longitudinal evaluations of sensation seeking during middle school would determine if developmental and demographic patterns of sensation seeking are consistent among all individuals in the population or if there are different patterns among subgroups of the population. Different patterns of sensation seeking among subgroups of the population during middle school may have implications for associations with changes in risk behaviors during this time frame as well as implications for prevention and intervention. The utility of targeting a personality trait such as sensation seeking directly as a method of intervention is a topic of debate. Most researchers conceptualize sensation seeking as a stable trait which is unlikely to be reduced via intervention, in line with the theory of sensation seeking ( Zuckerman 2007 ). The reckless behavior perspective ( Arnett 1992 ) states that developmental changes in sensation seeking and egocentrism underlie the rapid increase in reckless behavior seen during the middle school years (ages 11–14). However, neither position implies that sensation seeking should not be incorporated into interventions aimed at reducing risky behavior during adolescence. Arnett (1995) argues that it may be possible to change how sensation seeking is expressed, minimizing unhealthy expressions. Moreover, the expression of sensation seeking is influenced via socialization, and hence, socialization processes could be targeted directly for the prevention of reckless or risky behaviors during adolescence ( Arnett 1995 ). Regardless of whether sensation seeking is stable or changes, preventive interventions can target how sensation seeking is expressed. Moreover, if sensation seeking changes over time, interventions can be targeted to both attenuate the increase in sensation seeking as well as modify how it is expressed. In addition to evaluating patterns of stability or change in sensation seeking during middle school, observed changes in risk be