Secondary causes such as glacial isostatic adjustment contribute significantly to sea level change
Secondary factors such as glacial isostatic adjustment and vertical land motion play a critical role in driving regional sea-level variations, often causing local changes to deviate significantly from global mean trends.
The retrieved literature extensively discusses glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) as a primary driver of regional relative sea-level variability, land motion, and coastal projections. Multiple studies use geological data and numerical models to constrain GIA signals, confirming its significant contribution to regional sea-level change. None of the papers refute this well-established geophysical process.
J. Lloyd, Y. Zong, P. Fish, J. Innes. Holocene and Lateglacial relative sea‐level change in north‐west England: implications for glacial isostatic adjustment models. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2587
Paper [2] reconstructs relative sea-level change to test glacial isostatic adjustment models.
See more details
J. Kirby, E. Garrett, W. Gehrels. Holocene relative sea-level changes in northwest Ireland: An empirical test for glacial isostatic adjustment models. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231169992
Paper [3] uses relative sea-level records to evaluate geophysical models of post-glacial isostatic adjustment.
K. M. Simon, R. Riva, L. Vermeersen. Constraint of glacial isostatic adjustment in the North Sea with geological relative sea level and GNSS vertical land motion data. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/GJI/GGAB261
Paper [4] highlights glacial isostatic adjustment as a key component of present-day sea level budgets and regional sea-level variations.
R. Creel, J. Austermann. Glacial isostatic adjustment driven by asymmetric ice sheet melt during the Last Interglacial causes multiple local sea-level peaks. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1130/g52483.1
Paper [5] demonstrates that glacial isostatic adjustment driven by asymmetric ice melt causes significant local sea-level fluctuations.
Creel RC, Austermann J, Kopp RE, Khan NS, Albrecht T, Kingslake J. Global mean sea level likely higher than present during the holocene.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54535-0
Paper [6] combines sea-level data with glacial isostatic adjustment model ensembles to estimate Holocene global mean sea level and ice volume.
M. Kreuzer, T. Albrecht, Lena Nicola, R. Reese, R. Winkelmann. Bathymetry-constrained impact of relative sea-level change on basal melting in Antarctica. 2025. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1181-2025
Paper [8] notes that relative sea level on the Antarctic continent changes through complex processes associated with glacial isostatic adjustment.
Hijma MP, Bradley SL, Cohen KM, van der Wal W, Barlow NLM, Blank B, Frechen M, Hennekam R, van Heteren S, Kiden P, Mavritsakis A, Meijninger BML, Reichart GJ, Reinhardt L, Rijsdijk KF, Vink A, Busschers FS. Global sea-level rise in the early Holocene revealed from North Sea peats.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08769-7
Paper [9] removes regional glacial isostatic adjustment patterns to accurately isolate accelerated phases of early Holocene global sea-level rise.
Li T, García-Artola A, Shaw TA, Peng D, Walker JS, Cearreta A, Horton BP. Vertical land motion is underestimated in sea-level projections from the Oka estuary, northern Spain.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82692-1
Paper [10] identifies glacial isostatic adjustment and vertical land motion as key processes causing local relative sea-level rise to deviate from global means.
Lewright L, Austermann J, Piecuch CG, Adhikari S, Davis JL, Milne GA, Paxman GJG. Projections of 21st-century sea-level fall along coastal Greenland.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68182-6
Paper [11] projects that glacial isostatic adjustment will cause significant regional sea-level fall around coastal Greenland due to land rebound and reduced gravitational pull.
The paper trail · every fact has a biography
Challenge the receipt
Citation formatting by citeproc-js (Frank Bennett) and the Citation Style Language project. Source and licenses.
Terms · Privacy · How verdicts work · Dispute this receipt