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the claim
Second-hand smoke causes cancer
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
confidence 87/100

Extensive epidemiological research, systematic reviews, and global burden studies consistently demonstrate that exposure to secondhand smoke significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer, particularly among non-smokers.

Evidence for · 6
Secondhand smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies
2016 · cited by 92
A meta-analysis of Japanese populations demonstrates a statistically significant increase in lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke exposure.
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More for · 5
Global lung cancer burden attributable to air fine particulate matter and tobacco smoke exposure: spatiotemporal patterns, sociodemographic characteristics, and transnational inequalities from 1990 to 2021
2025 · cited by 15
Global Burden of Disease data attributes nearly 100,000 lung cancer deaths globally to secondhand smoke exposure.
Lung cancer among patients with secondhand smoke exposure: A systematic review.
2024 · cited by 2
A systematic review highlights secondhand smoke as a distinct etiology of lung cancer, noting high exposure among non-smoking patients.
Household secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer risk among never-smoking women: a literature review.
2026 · cited by 0
A literature review indicates that household secondhand smoke is consistently associated with a 20-30% increase in lung cancer risk among never-smokers.
Secondhand smoke and lung cancer risk in never-smoking women: A cohort and meta-analysis study.
2026 · cited by 0
A cohort and meta-analysis study finds that secondhand smoke exposure significantly increases lung cancer risk in never-smoking women.
Forensic Analysis of Lung Cancer from Secondhand Smoke Exposure of a Motel Worker
2024 · cited by 0
A forensic analysis quantifies toxic secondhand smoke exposure in a motel worker, linking her fatal lung cancer directly to occupational passive smoking.
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first checked01 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 8701 Aug 2026
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