This paper reviews social science research on the antecedents and consequences of voluntary sterilization. The major conclusions are that socioeconomic status has little impact on the decision to be sterilized and that sterilizations are rare among those without sons and among male non-whites. Significant others are important sources of encouragement and information, and good marital relations increase the likelihood of having the procedure performed. Most acceptors experience no change in sexual activity, quality of marital relationships, or work-related behavior, and few regret their choice. Negative consequences are more likely among those in India, those coerced into having a sterilization, those who did not understand the consequences of the procedure, those with health complications after sterilization, and those couples who have unstable marriages or who disagree about sterilization.

Vasectomy is a simple, safe, effective, and economical method used worldwide for long-term male contraception. As a surgical operation, it has short-term and long-term complications such as hematoma formation, infection, sterilization failure, sperm granulomas, short-term postoperative pain (nodal pain, scrotal pain, and ejaculation pain), and chronic pain syndrome. Whether it increases the risk of autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, testicular cancer, or prostate cancer is still controversial. Changes in plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone after vasectomy have also been studied, as well as the relation between vasectomy and sexual function. Sperm quality decreases very slowly after vasectomy, and vasovasostomy and intracytoplasmic sperm injection could help a couple achieve a pregnancy if they change their minds at any point. We include a follow-up strategy and suggestions for follow-up care at the end of this review.

The objective of the study was to standardize a new method of vasectomy in male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). A total of 208 free range male rhesus macaques captured from different locations in Shivalik Hills in a population control programme of the rhesus macaques in India. General anaesthesia was achieved by using a combination of ketamine hydrochloride at 8 mg/kg body weight and xylazine hydrochloride at 2mg/kg body weight intramuscularly in squeeze cage. Surgical procedure of vasectomy was carried out by single-hole no-scalpel technique using a single pre-scrotal skin incision above the median raphae. Spermatic cord was grasped with ringed forceps and was pulled out through the single-hole incision. Vas deferens was separated from the artery-vein complexus and about 3-4 cm portion of vas deferens was resected. Cauterization of both ends of the vas deferens was achieved with electrocautery. The induction time for anaesthesia was 1.40±0.18 min while surgical time for vasectomy was found to be 5.09±0.22 min. Recovery from general anaesthesia was without side-effects after a mean duration of 36.07±1.22 min, whereas the duration of anaesthesia was observed to be 82.27±4.96 min. There were no major complications following the surgery and recovery of animals was smooth. Animals were kept in postoperative care for five days and released at the same capturing site.

Background: No scalpel vasectomy (NSV) is a novel modern innovation technique wherein vas deferens is delivered, ligated, and excised without use of a scalpel. It is a permanent sterilization option for male with low complication rate and greater patient compliance and low morbidity. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness, safety, complications, and acceptability of NSV. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 vasectomies were performed using NSV technique in Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College and Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. during December 2020–November 2022 (24 months). Results: A study of operative time, effectiveness, and complications of the procedure were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 34 with 2 Nos of children on an average. The average operative time was 10 min with a range of 8–30 min. No cases required for conversion into standard incisional vasectomy. Complication of NSV included bleeding – in 3 cases (2%), hematoma – in 2 cases (1.4%), wound infections – in 3 cases (2%), and scrotal pain – in 4 cases (2.8%) which were managed conservatively. There was no failure of NSV reported during follow-up of these cases. Conclusion: NSV is an effective, safe, cost-effective, and permanent male contraceptive procedure, with very minimal manageable complications. India is fighting population explosion and does need this technique to be popularized among the people.

Background: Male sterilisation, i.e., Vasectomy is one of the safest and most effective contraceptive methods as it has very low complication and failure rates. According to the NFHS-5 data, the male sterilisation rates in India and Tamil Nadu are about 0.3% and 0.1% respectively. Though there is sufficient knowledge on the effectiveness of No-scalpel vasectomy, there is lack of acceptance of male sterilisation as a permanent method of contraception Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of No-scalpel Vasectomy among married men of Kundrathur, Chennai Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 116 married men between 22 to 60 years of age, attending the Upgraded Primary Health Centre, Kundrathur by consecutive sampling. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge and practice. Attitude was measured using 4-point Likerts scale. Data was analysed using SPSS software version 21 Results: Among the 112 participants who consented to participate in the study, 82 i.e., 73.2% of them were aware of vasectomy and the most common source of information was Mass media (51.2%). 74.2% agreed that contraception was not the sole responsibility of a wife, yet 48.2% of them disagreed that men should undergo vasectomy. The most perceived barrier for non-acceptance of vasectomy was Lack of awareness (33%), followed by Impotency following vasectomy (13.4%) and “Inability to do heavy work following vasectomy (12.5%). None of the participants (0%) underwent vasectomy, whereas 57.1% were willing to undergo, and 61.6% were willing to recommend the same to others. Conclusion: There seems to be a huge gap between the knowledge, attitude and practice of No-Scalpel Vasectomy among the study population. Thus, intense behavioural change communication should be advocated to increase the awareness and decrease the misconceptions regarding Vasectomy.

Vasectomy was introduced under the National Family Planning Programme in 1954 to enhance male participation in family planning in India. Despite adopting the non-scalpel technique in 1992 to popularise vasectomy, its acceptance among married couples has declined from 3.31% to 0.3% over the past 3 decades. This study aims to identify the barriers among the married male population in India for adopting vasectomy as a method of family planning. This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines after PROSPERO registration (CRD42023434518). Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, Allied and Complementary Medicine, APA PsycInfo, and CAB Abstracts Archive) were searched using terms including "vasectomy", "barriers", and "India" for studies reporting the barriers to accepting vasectomy as a family planning method. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies on Indian male populations, reported in English and published up to May 2023, were included. Quality assessments were conducted using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. Extracted data were analysed using a thematic synthesis. Twenty-four studies conducted across India were included in the systematic review (18 cross-sectional, 2 interview-based, 2 mixed-method, 1 case-control and 1 focus group discussion-based). Five themes of barriers were identified: fear, social issues, cultural issues, knowledge, and health system issues. Men feared undergoing a surgical procedure for sterilisation. They presumed the procedure would lead to loss of libido, physical weakness leading to income loss, and social stigma from community members. Health education and financial incentives are likely to increase vasectomy acceptance in India.

Abstract Background: Population explosion has detrimental effects on the environment, living conditions, and health status of individuals. According to the WHO, 214 million women of reproductive age group in developing countries want to avoid pregnancy and are not using a modern contraceptive method. Male sterilization is often associated with misconceptions and myths about the procedure. Objectives: The objective of the study was (1) to study the awareness about no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) among eligible couples and compare the differences between the various factors responsible for poor adoption of NSV among rural and urban slum population. (2) To study the factors responsible for poor adoption of NSV among eligible couples and find the sociodemographic determinants affecting the perception about NSV. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational community-based study was done in urban and rural field practice areas of the department of community medicine. The total sample size taken was 204 (408 Couples) by simple random sampling. Results: One hundred percent of participants among both urban and rural study participants had knowledge of at least one method of contraception this difference was statistically significant between the rural and urban participants( P =0.00). Awareness* about NSV was low with 77.5% of urban study participants and 60.8% of rural participants aware about its existence as a method of permanent family planning. Among the study participants, 20.6% had a negative perception toward family planning and NSV while 60.3% had somewhat positive perception and 19.1% had a positive perception toward family planning and NSV. Conclusions: Overall, it was observed that the study participants had poor knowledge about different aspects of NSV such as eligibility for NSV, time required for it, its benefits and complications, and about cash incentives given by the government for NSV acceptors. Educational status and sex were found to have a significant relationship with the overall knowledge of the participants about NSV. Knowledge and perception were found to be related to each other more the knowledge better the perception.

No-scalpel vasectomy at the King's birthday vasectomy festival. No-scalpel vasectomy was developed to increase acceptability of vasectomy by elimination of the fear of the incision. Although this method has been used for over 8,000,000 men, the technique is largely unknown in developed countries. During the King's birthday vasectomy festival no-scalpel vasectomy was compared with standard incisional vasectomy in 1203 patients. An average of 57 procedures per day could be done by each physician with the no-scalpel method, compared to 33 procedures with the standard method (p less than 0.001). The complication rate was 0.4/100 procedures for no-scalpel vasectomy compared with 3.1/100 for standard vasectomy (p less than 0.001). No-scalpel vasectomy is a rapid and economic alternative to standard vasectomy, with fewer complications and increased patient acceptability. No-scalpel vasectomy was developed to increase acceptability of vasectomy by elimination of the fear of the incision. Although this method has been used for over 8,000,000 men, the technique is largely unknown in developed countries.

Male sterilization. This review of recent information and advances in the area of male sterilization deals with recent epidemiologic studies that discuss potential ill effects hypothesized to be a result of vasectomy, including carcinoma of the prostate and carcinoma of the testicle. Rebuttals to these hypotheses are presented. Recent advances in techniques of vasectomy including the "no-scalpel" vasectomy technique and open-ended vasectomy are presented, including the rationale for their use. A good deal of attention is given to postvasectomy follow-up, particularly the use of the technique of measuring numbers of ejaculations following vasectomy rather than the period of time afterward to determine when a man is sterile. The final two sections deal with complications of vasectomy and the most recent percentages on reversing vasectomy with particular reference to return of sperm to the ejaculate and pregnancy rates. Between 250,000 and 300,000 US men undergo vasectomy each year. The Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception has performed almost 400,000 vasectomies worldwide since 1982.

Abstract Objectives Vasectomy is a common method of male sterilization. However, it is less popular worldwide than tubal ligation in women. Vasectomy is also a potential cause of lawsuits related to its complications. This paper summarizes the early and late complications of this surgical procedure. Methods Data from the Medline database were used and the search terms used were "vasectomy complications", "vasectomy + infection", "vasectomy + endocarditis", "vasectomy + failure", vasectomy + cancer" and "vasectomy + death". Results According to the Guidelines of the European Urological Society, vasectomy is evaluated as a safe and effective method and is recommended as one of the methods of male contraception. The recommended vasectomy procedure is a scalpel-free approach to the fallopian tube, followed by dissection with fascia interposition or coagulation of the fallopian tube lumen. This method has fewer complications immediately after surgery and a higher long-term success rate than the method with a scalpel approach and without coagulation or fascial interposition. Furthermore, it is generally recommended to perform the procedure under local anaesthesia only, which again has fewer complications than general anaesthesia. Conclusions Vasectomy is a safe and relatively simple method of male contraception. It has a lower morbidity and mortality rate than tubal ligation in women. No relationship between vasectomy and the development of immunological, cardiovascular or cancer d

ligation for women and vasectomy for men. There are many different ways tubal sterilization can be accomplished. It is highly effective, like use of an IUD Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is any of several medical methods of permanent birth control that intentionally leaves a person unable to reproduce. Sterilization methods are available for both males and females. Although a non-surgical option for females ("Essure") was available until 2019, it is no longer an option. Sterilization procedures are intended to be permanent; reversal is ge Sterili… Tubal ligation in females, known popularly as "having one's tubes tied". The fallopian tubes, which allow the sperm to fertilize the ovum and carry the fertilized ovum to the uterus, are closed. This typically involves a general anesthetic and a laparotomy or laparoscopic approach to cut, clip, or cauterize the fallopian tubes. Bilateral salpingectomy in females, also known as tubal removal. Both fallopian tubes are surgically removed. When done for contraceptive purposes, the ovaries are left in place. This method is considered more effective than tubal ligation as there is no chance of tubal reconnection or clip failure. It also prevents cancer of the fallopian tubes and can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Vasoligation in males. The vasa deferentia, the tubes that connect the testicles to the prostate, are cut and closed. This prevents sperm produced in the testicles from entering the ejaculated semen (which is mostly produced in the seminal vesicles and prostate). Although the term vasectomy is established in the general community, the correct medical terminology is vasoligation. Hysterectomy in females is not offered for contraception, but is done to manage heavy menstrual bleeding or cancer. The uterus is surgically removed, permanently preventing future pregnancy and some diseases, such as uterine cancer. Castration in males is not offered as a form of human contraception, but is sometimes done if there are concerns of cancer that mean the testicles should be surgically removed. This is frequently used for the sterilization of animals but rarely for humans. It was also formerly used on some human male children for other reasons; see… Cat's sterilization (video) Vasectomy Information —The website of newsgroup alt.support.vasectomy. All About Vasectomy & Finding a Doctor. Latest advances, videos etc My Vasectomy in Words and Pictures —One man's personal experience. Vasectomy Reversal Resource Female Sterilization Options – /mk.nkl/cvas1.html Is Vasectomy the Right Method For Me?] and * * * Is Female Sterilization the Right Method For Me? No-Scalpel Vasectomy: The NSV Book Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine Video: The NSV Procedure (graphic)

BACKGROUND: Vasectomy utilization has historically been very low in Bolivia, constituting just 0.1% of the contraceptive method-mix. To address one of the perceived barriers to vasectomy utilization—cost—MSI Reproductive Choices Bolivia partnered with World Vasectomy Day, No-Scalpel Vasectomy International, and Laval University in 2021 to train in-house providers, and reduced the previous cost of contracting private urologists by half. Demand for procedures during the training campaign was considerably higher than expected; although just 77 vasectomies were provided in 2019, 882 men contacted MSI Bolivia in 2021 to request appointments in the one-month campaign. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of vasectomy clients was implemented post-procedure to capture demographic characteristics as well as to assess motivations for getting a vasectomy. RESULTS: Among the 262 vasectomy clients who completed the survey, the average age was 31, and half (50.4%) of respondents had one or two children, 3.1% had four or more, and 30.5% had none. Motivations varied by client type with most clients reporting “wanted only the number of children they had”, while higher percentages of young clients who were often without children reported the “costs of children”, “overpopulation and the environment”, and “violence and social unrest” as their top motivations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study and the related vasectomy campaign reflected a high unmet demand for affordable vasectomy services in Bolivia. The relatively high proportion of single and/or childless men under 30 years old in the sample may also reflect a larger societal shift in pregnancy intention among younger generations and merit further investigation. These results have implications for demand-generation strategies and pre-vasectomy counseling, and may reflect a market for reversible male contraceptive technologies still in development.