... history of mathemat- ics . In 1903 , the Britain idealism philosopher , logician , and mathematician Russell raised the " Russell paradox of set theory " which almost shook the cornerstone of mathematics . There are many examples in " ... This book provides a tool for generic readers and graduates who are interested or majoring in systems engineering, decision science, management science, and project management to sharpen their system thinking skills, equipping them with a multiangle perspective, and offering them broader view to understand the complex socioeconomic system in which we are embedded. It systematically investigates the root causes and mechanisms that generate errors through the use of fuzzy set theory, systems science, logic and set theory, and decision science – an area that has rarely been explored in literature. The topics covered include classic error set, fuzzy error set, multivariate error set, error function, identification of errors, error systems, error logic, error matrix, and practical application o