Academic literature defines self-plagiarism as the uncredited reuse of previously published material by the same author, which includes reusing identical text blocks or appendices across multiple papers without proper citation.
The claim is a specific, contestable empirical statement regarding publication ethics. Retrieved literature (specifically papers [3] and [8]) explicitly defines self-plagiarism to include the reuse of previously published text, data, or content by the same author without transparent citation of the original source. None of the provided papers refute this.