Regioselectivity in carbometallation reactions depends on steric and electronic factors
the verdict
INSUFFICIENT LEANING
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
2 sources for · 0 against
The retrieved literature touches upon regiochemical outcomes in certain carbometallation and related reactions, but does not provide comprehensive direct evidence establishing that regioselectivity universally depends on both steric and electronic factors as claimed.
In the absence of directing auxiliaries, the catalytic addition of carbogenic groups to unactivated alkenes with control of regioselectivity remains an ongoing challenge in organic chemistry. Here we describe a directing-group-free, nickel-catalysed strategy that couples a broad array of unactivated and activated olefins with aryl-substituted triflates and organometallic nucleophiles to afford diarylation adducts in either regioisomeric form, in up to 93% yield and >98% site selectivity. By switching the reagents involved, the present strategy may be extended to other classes of dicarbofunctionalization reactions. Mechanistic and computational investigations offer insights into the origin of the observed regiochemical outcome and the utility of the method is highlighted through the concise syntheses of biologically active molecules. The catalyst control principles reported are expected to advance efforts towards the development of general site-selective alkene functionalizations, removing the requirement for neighbouring activating groups.
r in which the copper atom adds to the carbon β of the heteroatom [ 16 – 17 ], whereas an acceptor substituent (XR = SR, SOR, SO 2 R, SiMe 3 , PR 2 , P(O)R 2 , Path A , Scheme 1 ) would preferably give the α-isomer [ 16 – 17 ] (copper geminated to the heteroatom, Scheme 1 ). Although N -substituted alkynes are known to give the β-isomer, we thought that a precomplexation of the organometallic species (i.e., copper) with a polar functional group in the vicinity of the reactive center should be able to reverse the regioselectivity of the carbometallation, as we have shown for the carbocupration of ethynyl carbamate (XR = OCONR 2 , Path C , Scheme 1 ) [ 24 ].
Scheme 1.
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Possible regioisomers obtained in the carbocupration reaction of α-heterosubstituted acetylenes 1 . Herein we describe our results for the regio- and stereoselective carbometallation reaction of N- alkynylsulfonyl amides and various N -alkynylcarbamates [ 25 ]. Results and Discussion
Carbocupration of sulfonyl-substituted ynamides
Our initial experiments were directed towards the carbometallation reaction of N -alkynylsulfonylamides, as the coordination of the organometallic species by the sulfonyl group should control the regioselectivity of the carbometallation reaction in favor of the α-isomer. When 2 was added to an organocopper (easily prepared by the addition of one equivalent of R 2 MgBr to one equivalent of CuBr in Et 2 O at −50 °C), the carbometalated products 3 were obtained in good isolated yields after hydrolysis ( Scheme 2 , conditions A and Table 1 , entries 1–3). Some of these results were published as a preliminary note in [ 25 ].
Scheme 2.
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Regioselective carbometallation of N -alkynylsulfonamide 2 . Table 1.
Carbometallation reactions of the N -alkynylsulfonamide 2 .
Entry
Conditions a
R 2
E–X
Product
Yield (%) b
1
A
n -Bu
H 3 O +
3a
93
2
A
Me
H 3 O +
3b
30
3
A
n -Bu
AllylBr
3c
50
4
B
n -Bu
H 3 O +
3a
90
5
B
Me
H 3 O +
3b
70
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a Conditi
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