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the claim
Racism is a natural human instinct
the verdict
CONTESTED
the evidence cuts both ways
confidence 37/100

While evolutionary psychology and developmental studies document widespread tendencies toward ingroup favoritism and coalitional bias, researchers emphasize that modern prejudice and racism are heavily shaped by cultural norms, perceived threats, and social dominance orientations rather than acting as a simple, fixed biological instinct.

Evidence for · 3
Preferences and beliefs in ingroup favoritism
2015 · cited by 280
Paper 5 reviews research demonstrating that ingroup favoritism—favoring members of one's own group—is well-documented and deeply rooted in social interactions.
Evidence against · 3
The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO₇ scale.
2015 · cited by 1,161
Paper 1 demonstrates that individual preferences for group-based hierarchy (social dominance orientation) vary widely and are shaped by distinct personality and contextual factors rather than being a uniform human instinct.
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More for · 2
Movement Synchrony Forges Social Bonds across Group Divides
2016 · cited by 152
Paper 6 notes that arbitrarily defined groups can evoke disproportionately positive attitudes toward one's in-group and negative attitudes toward out-groups starting in early childhood.
Evolutionary models of in-group favoritism
2015 · cited by 50
Paper 11 reviews evolutionary models showing that in-group favoritism and ethnocentrism can evolve and are shared across humans and other animals.
More against · 2
Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence
2014 · cited by 672
Paper 3 highlights that human cooperation and group structures heavily rely on cultural group selection and transmitted social norms rather than pure biological instinct.
Living under threat: Mutual threat perception drives anti‐Muslim and anti‐Western hostility in the age of terrorism
2018 · cited by 151
Paper 7 shows that outgroup hostility is primarily driven by perceived symbolic and realistic intergroup threats rather than an immutable natural instinct.
The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked01 Aug 2026
judged → CONTESTED · 3701 Aug 2026
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