Protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are arranged in specific shell structures
Protons and neutrons within an atomic nucleus are organized into distinct shell structures characterized by specific energy levels and magic numbers, a foundational principle supported by extensive nuclear physics research and shell-model simulations.
The claim states that protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are arranged in specific shell structures. This is a well-established empirical fact in nuclear physics (the nuclear shell model). Multiple retrieved papers (such as [0], [1], [3], [5], and [7]) explicitly reference protons and neutrons occupying orbitals in a shell structure with magic numbers and shell gaps. Therefore, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the claim.
Ha J, Recchia F, Lenzi SM, Iwasaki H, Dao DD, Nowacki F, Revel A, Aguilera P, de Angelis G, Ash J, Bazin D, Bentley MA, Biswas S, Carollo S, Cortes ML, Elder R, Escudeiro R, Farris P, Gade A, Ginter T, Grinder M, Li J, Napoli DR, Noji S, Pereira J, Pigliapoco S, Pompermaier A, Poves A, Rezynkina K, Sanchez A, Wadsworth R, Weisshaar D. Abrupt structural transition in exotic molybdenum isotopes unveils an isospin-symmetric island of inversion.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65621-2
The study discusses how protons and neutrons in nuclei occupy orbitals in a shell structure defined by magic numbers.
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Pérez-Obiol A, Romero AM, Menéndez J, Rios A, García-Sáez A, Juliá-Díaz B. Nuclear shell-model simulation in digital quantum computers.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39263-7
This paper highlights the nuclear shell model as a foundational method for studying the structure of atomic nuclei.
Sarma C, Stevenson PD. A low-circuit-depth quantum computing approach to the nuclear shell model.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44464-026-00009-9
The research utilizes quantum computing approaches specifically tailored for nuclear shell model calculations.
Lin J. Patterns in Isotopic Compositions, Nucleon Numbers, and Magic Numbers. 2024. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4002503/v1
The paper examines how nucleons fill shells to form closed loops and exhibit magic number phenomena.
Morfouace P, Taieb J, Chatillon A, Audouin L, Blanchon G, Bernard RN, Dubray N, Pillet N, Regnier D, Alvarez-Pol H, Amjad F, André P, Authelet G, Atar L, Aumann T, Benlliure J, Boretzky K, Bott L, Brecelj T, Caesar C, Carpentier P, Casarejos E, Cederkäll J, Corsi A, Cortina-Gil D, Cvetinović A, Filippo E, Dickel T, Feijoo M, Fonseca LM, Galaviz D, García-Jiménez G, Gasparic I, Geraci EI, Gernhäuser R, Gnoffo B, Göbel K, Graña-González A, Haettner E, Hartig AL, Heil M, Heinz A, Hensel T, Holl M, Hornung C, Horvat A, Jedele A, Malenica DJ, Jenegger T, Ji L, Johansson HT, Jonson B, Jurado B, Kalantar-Nayestanaki N, Kazantseva E, Kelic-Heil A, Kiselev OA, Klenze P, Knöbel R, Körper D, Kostyleva D, Kröll T, Kuzminchuk N, Laurent B, Lihtar I, Litvinov YA, Löher B, Martorana NS, Mauss B, Morales SM, Mücher D, Mukha I, Nacher E, Obertelli A, Pagano EV, Panin V, Park J, Paschalis S, Petri M, Pietri S, Pirrone S, Politi G, Ponnath L, Revel A, Rhee HB, Rodríguez-Sánchez JL, Rose L, Rossi D, Roy P, Russotto P, Scheidenberger C, Scheit H, Simon H, Storck-Dutine S, Stott A, Sun YL, Sürder C, Tanaka YK, Taniuchi R, Tengblad O, Tisma I, Törnqvist HT, Trimarchi M, Velardita S, Vesic J, Voss B, Wamers F, Weick H, Wienholtz F, Zhao J, Zhukov M. An asymmetric fission island driven by shell effects in light fragments.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08882-7
The study demonstrates how shell effects drive specific structural behaviors such as asymmetric fission islands.
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