Prenatal testosterone exposure is regulated by maternal physiology and fetal genetics
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
confidence 87/100
Evidence from clinical and animal studies shows that prenatal testosterone exposure is significantly shaped and regulated by maternal physiological factors as well as fetal and genetic characteristics.
Evidence for · 4
Testosterone levels in midtrimester maternal and fetal plasma and amniotic fluid
1985 · cited by 74
Demonstrates differences in testosterone levels between maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, and fetal plasma, reflecting maternal and fetal physiological contributions.
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More for · 3
Effect of Maternal Progesterone Exposure on Fetal Testosterone in Mice
2009 · cited by 7
Shows that maternal exposure to exogenous compounds like progesterone alters fetal testosterone levels, supporting maternal physiological regulation.
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: ORIGINS AND IMPLICATIONS: Gestational anti-Müllerian hormone and testosterone excess combined with maternal adiposity program for polycystic ovary syndrome.
2025 · cited by 0
Discusses how maternal metabolic traits and PCOS risk genes regulating androgen biosynthesis interact to influence fetal hormone exposure.
Elevated prenatal anti-Müllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood.
2018 · cited by 0
Indicates that maternal factors (such as elevated AMH during pregnancy) drive fetal testosterone excess and neuroendocrine programming.