Multiple peer-reviewed sources and clinical reviews establish that premenstrual syndrome commonly includes psychological symptoms such as mood swings, irritability, and emotional fluctuations.
<h4>Background</h4>Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a psychological and somatic disorder of unknown aetiology, with symptoms typically including irritability, depression, mood swings, bloating, breast tenderness and sleep disturbances. About 3% to 10% of women who experience these symptoms may also meet criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMS symptoms recur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and reduce by the end of menstruation. PMS results from ovulation and may be due to ovarian steroid interactions relating to neurotransmitter dysfunction. Premenstrual disorders have a devastating effect on women, their families and their work.Several treatment options have been suggested for PMS, including pharmacological and surgical interventions. The treatments thought to be most effective tend to fall into one of two categories: suppressing ovulation or correcting a speculated neuroendocrine anomaly.Transdermal oestradiol by patch, gel or implant effectively stops ovulation and the cyclical hormonal changes which produce the cyclical symptoms. These preparations are normally used for hormone therapy and contain lower doses of oestrogen than found in oral contraceptive pills. A shortened seven-day course of a progestogen is required each month for endometrial protection but can reproduce premenstrual syndrome-type symptoms in these women.<h4>Objectives</h4>To determine the effectiveness and safety of non-contraceptive oestrogen-containing preparations in the management of PMS.<h4>Search methods</h4>On 14 March 2016, we searched the following databases: the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group (CGF) Specialised Register; Cochrane Central Register of Studies (CRSO); MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; CINAHL; ClinicalTrials.gov; metaRegister of Controlled trials (mRCT); and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal. In addition, we checked the reference lists of articles retrieved.<h4>Selection criteria</h4>We included published and unpublished randomized placebo or active controlled trials on the efficacy of the use of non-contraceptive oestrogen-containing preparations in the management of premenstrual syndrome in women of reproductive age with PMS diagnosed by at least two prospective cycles without current psychiatric disorder.<h4>Data collection and analysis</h4>Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias, extracted data on premenstrual symptoms and adverse effects and entered data into Review Manager 5 software. Where possible, intention-to-treat or modified intention-to-treat analysis was used. Studies were pooled using a fixed-effect model, analysing cross-over trials as parallel trials. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for premenstrual symptom scores. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for dichotomous outcomes. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE working group methods.<h4>Main results</h4>The search resulted in 524 potentially relevant articles. Five eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified (305 women). Trials using oral tablets, transdermal patches and implants were identified. No trial used gels.One small cross-over trial (11 women, effective sample size 22 women considering cross-over trials) compared oral luteal-phase oestrogen versus placebo. Data were very low quality and unsuitable for analysis, but study authors reported that the intervention was ineffective and might aggravate the symptoms of PMS. They also reported that there were no adverse events.Three studies compared continuous oestrogen with progestogen versus placebo (with or without progestogen). These trials were of reasonable quality, although with a high risk of attrition bias and an unclear risk of bias due to potential carry-over effects in two cross-over trials. Continuous oestrogen had a small to moderate
<h4>Introduction</h4>This study aimed to evaluate potential relationships between the frequency of physical, and psychological or behavioral symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in relation to body mass index (BMI) and body shapes in young women.<h4>Methods</h4>In total, 22 of the most common PMS symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire, as well as self-reported height, weight, and body shape (using five silhouette types). A total of 6697 women aged 18-30 was included in the final statistical analysis. Symptom frequencies were measured using a 5-point Likert scale, and the mean frequency of occurrence (MFO) was calculated for all symptoms. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance (ANOVA), univariate logistic regression, and stepwise regression.<h4>Results</h4>PMS symptom prevalence ranged from 61.0% to 97.2%. Overall, MFO of all physical PMS symptoms (M ± SD = 3.12 ± 0.75) was lower than the MFO of all psychological and behavioral symptoms (M ± SD = 3.29 ± 0.96; p < 0.001). Women with overweight or obesity, also those with an apple-shaped body, reported the highest symptom frequencies (MFO = 3.20-3.35), while underweight and rectangular-shaped women had the lowest MFO (2.98-3.25; p < 0.001). Stepwise analysis showed BMI and body shape were more strongly associated with physical symptoms than psychological or behavioral ones.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These results highlight the importance of body size and shape in understanding individual differences in PMS symptoms, suggesting that higher BMI and an apple-shaped body are more associated with PMS symptoms. Therefore, special attention should be paid to women with this body type, and they should be examined more thoroughly in order to take preventive measures in a timely manner.
Fluctuations in behavior across the menstrual cycle have been observed in several psychiatric disorders, particularly those affecting mood. Cycle-specific conditions, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and cycle-responsive conditions, in which changes in symptoms are tied to the menstrual cycle, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), exemplify this pattern with an increase in symptoms during the luteal phase. Growing evidence indicates that within-cycle ovarian hormone fluctuations and withdrawal, along with associated neurotransmitter changes, shape symptom trajectories. In PMDD, serotonergic tone is associated with mood changes, providing direct evidence of a link between hormonal fluctuations and psychiatric symptoms. Advanced quantitative neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), offer a unique opportunity to investigate how neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), dopamine, and norepinephrine, interact with hormonal shifts to influence psychiatric symptoms. In this review, we explore the potential of PET neuroreceptor imaging to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying hormone-related mood changes. With PMDD as a model, we provide a conceptual framework and highlight directions of mechanistic understanding for ADHD and other psychiatric conditions across the relatively brief, yet consistently cyclical intervals, thereby identifying windows for targeted, menstrual phase-informed interventions. By integrating hormonal and cycle variability into psychiatric research and treatment, we aim to advance precision medicine approaches for mood disorders.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is characterized by physical, behavioral, and psychological symptoms that manifest during the premenstrual phase. Symptoms include irritability, mood swings, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, bloating, and headaches. PMS symptoms can adversely affect women's daily activities and disrupt their social relationships. In students, it can lead to a decline in academic performance. In Turkey, the prevalence of PMS is 52.2%, and globally, approximately one in every two women is affected by PMS. While the exact etiology of PMS remains unclear, hormonal and neurotransmitter interactions are believed to play a role. Factors such as educational level, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, stress levels, and family history of PMS may contribute to its development. Although there is no specific blood test for diagnosing PMS, diagnosis can be made by monitoring symptoms and assessing their adherence to specific criteria. Non-pharmacological management of PMS includes lifestyle modifications, traditional and complementary medicine practices, psychotherapy, support systems, and patient education. This review aims to enhance awareness among healthcare professionals regarding non-pharmacological management and recommendations for PMS, aiming to develop effective intervention strategies.
Menstruation causes the body to go through a cycle of changes each month. Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is the term used to describe the variety of symptoms that many women experience in the weeks before and during their periods. Some women do not at all suffer from PMS symptoms. However, some women’s symptoms may be crippling. We, therefore, examined the relationship between menstruation and mental health in this study and how one person can help the other. According to the current study based on a qualitative approach, 9% to 17% of women experience irritability, upset, or anxiety during their periods. Women report sleeping issues of 6% to 11%, mood swings of 9% to 16%, and bloating and pain of 9% to 16%. Between 8% and 15% of women get headaches around menstruation. Depression and period anxiety are both very typical. Premenstrual syndrome frequently includes these symptoms (PMS). Physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms known as PMS are present during the premenstrual stage of the cycle and disappear once the period starts. In addition to food cravings, headaches, Mood swings, social withdrawal, exhaustion, and sore breasts, PMS can also cause sadness before and during periods. However, premenstrual dysphoric disorder may be to blame for significant depression before or during periods (PMDD).
Anxiety and depression are mental disorders with significant global impact, and are especially prominent in women during times of hormonal fluctuations. The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGB axis) has emerged as a crucial pathway in the pathogenesis of these disorders, as it directly influences the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA). In addition, they have shown estrogenic effects through enzymes such as β-glucuronidase, which modulate hormone metabolism and consequently mood. A comprehensive search of recent preclinical studies has found that probiotic intake in female rats led to significant improvements in anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Similarly, clinical trials in certain populations, particularly women with hormonal imbalances during menopause or premenstrual syndrome, have shown promising results. However, there are still significant problems, such as the individual variability of responses and the need for controlled long-term studies. The development of specific probiotics for hormonal modulation and the implementation of personalized approaches integrating omics and neuroimaging technologies to optimize therapeutic interventions in the field of mental health are promising. Accordingly, a comprehensive search was conducted in scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science. Preclinical studies investigating the estrogenic effects of different probiotic strains in animal models and in controlled clinical trials during chronic treatment were selected, excluding those studies that did not provide access to full text.
Adolescence is an important phase in the physical, psychological, and social development of individuals. Female adolescents experience significant hormonal changes, particularly related to the menstrual cycle, which often causes both physical and psychological discomfort. One of the common problems faced is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), which is characterized by various physical and psychological symptoms such as mood swings, anxiety, depression, fatigue, breast tenderness, bloating, and changes in sleep patterns that affect different aspects of life. Anxiety experienced by adolescents during PMS is often overlooked, yet it can significantly affect their quality of life if there is no effective intervention to reduce its negative impacts. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) among female adolescents at Mulia Karya Husada Health Vocational School. This study employed a cross-sectional design. The research sample consisted of 153 female adolescents at Mulia Karya Husada Health Vocational School. Data were collected using questionnaires. The results showed that the majority of respondents experienced mild anxiety (141 students, 92%) and the majority did not experience Premenstrual Syndrome (130 students, 85%). The analysis using the chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between anxiety levels and the occurrence of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) with a p-value = 0.00; p < 0.05. The Prevalence Ratio
Abstract Background/Objectives: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), experienced by women during their reproductive age, encompasses physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms before menstruation. Common symptoms include fatigue, headaches, bloating, breast tenderness, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and sadness. PMS severity varies among individuals and can affect daily life. Nutrition plays a significant role in PMS treatment, as dietary adjustments and supplementation have shown potential in alleviating symptoms and improving overall well-being. This systematic review aims to identify, assess, and analyse the efficacy of different dietary and nutritional interventions in alleviating PMS symptoms among women in their reproductive years. Subjects/Methods: In June 2023, three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were consulted to undertake a literature search. The screening process involved two phases: initial screening based on titles and abstracts and subsequent analysis of full-text articles. The study followed PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO; the RoB2 Tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: Seventeen studies were included in this systematic review: eleven evaluated the effect of supplementation with micronutrients, three assessed specific diets, and three examined the impact of Zataria multi-flora essence, wheat germ, and ginger on PMS. Most studies showed an apparent reduction in PMS-related symptoms post-intervention. Eight studies had a high risk of bias, and three were unclear. Conclusion: This systematic review confirms the potential of a nutritional approach involving supplements or dietary changes in improving PMS symptoms.
symptoms commonly referred to as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In more severe cases, individuals may develop premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a condition
Menstruation and mental health are closely connected, as hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle influence mood, cognition, and emotional well-being. Many individuals experience mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and depression in the days leading up to menstruation, a cluster of symptoms commonly referred to as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In more severe cases, individuals may devel
Prem…
Introduction: The pituitary gland plays a role in the production of the hormones FSH and LH, which influence development follicles And process ovulation. In addition, the pituitary gland indirectly plays a role in regulating the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter role in arrange atmosphere heart. This research aims to find out about the role of the pituitary gland in mood changes during the premenstrual period. Methodology: This research uses a literature study method by examining existing data. Results: Research results show that change atmosphere liver in the premenstrual phase can caused by change hormonal, like decline production serotonin consequence decreasing rate hormone estrogen and progesterone, which influence mood and emotions. Discussion: The pituitary gland has a role in influencing the ovulation process in the premenstrual phase and also regulates serotonin production which causes an imbalance in the hormones produced by the ovaries, namely estrogen and progesterone, resulting in mood swings.
Mefenamic acid in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.
The use of mefenamic acid in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was investigated in 15 women over six menstrual cycles. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled design was used to overcome the methodologic criticisms of other medication trials in this condition. Mefenamic acid significantly improved many of the physical, mood, and performance symptoms associated with PMS. The physical symptoms that showed marked improvement were fatigue, headache, and general aches and pains (P less than .001). Most mood symptoms were improved, the most significant being freedom from mood swings (P less than .005).
Published in Obstetrics and gynecology (1986)
Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with alprazolam: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover clinical trial.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized multiple crossover study was designed to determine the effectiveness of alprazolam in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Patients maintained daily diaries of 22 premenstrual symptoms for one pretreatment control cycle and four treatment cycles. Alprazolam 0.25 mg or placebo was administered three times daily from cycle day 20 until the second day of menstruation, at which time the dosage was tapered by one tablet per day to minimize withdrawal effects. The results of the clinical trial indicate that alprazolam is significantly more effective than placebo in relieving the severity of premenstrual nervous tension, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, depression, fatigue, forgetfulness, crying, cravings for sweets, abdominal bloating, abdominal cramps, and headache. The low incidence of side effects makes alprazolam an acceptable treatment for premenstrual syndrome for those women unresponsive to other therapies.
Published in Obstetrics and gynecology (1987)
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disruptive set of emotional and physical symptoms that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disruptive set of emotional and physical symptoms that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each menstrual period. Symptoms resolve around the time menstrual bleeding begins. Symptoms vary, though commonly include one or more physical, emotional, or behavioral symptoms, that resolve with menses. The range of symptoms is wide, and most commonl
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disruptive set of emotional and physical symptoms that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each menstrual period. Symptoms resolve around the time menstrual bleeding begins. Symptoms vary, though commonly include one or more physical, emotional, or behavioral symptoms, that resolve with menses. The range of symptoms is wide, and most commonly are breast tenderness, bloating, headache, mood swings, depression, anxiety, anger, and irritability. To be diagnosed as PMS, rather than a normal discomfort of the menstrual cycle, these symptoms must interfere with daily living, during two menstrual cycles of prospective recording. PMS-related symptoms are often present for about six days. An individual's pattern of symptoms may change over time. PMS does not produce symptoms during pregnancy or following menopause.
Diagnosis requires a consistent pattern of emotional and physical symptoms occurring after ovulation and before menstruation to a degree that interferes with normal life. Emotional symptoms must not be present during the initial part of the menstrual cycle. A daily list of symptoms over a few months may help in diagnosis. Other disorders that cause similar symptoms need to be excluded before a diagnosis is made.
The cause of PMS is unknown, but the underlying mechanism is believed to involve changes in hormone levels during the course of the whole menstrual cycle. Reducing salt, alcohol, caffeine, and stress, along with increasing exercise is typically all that is recommended for the management of mild symptoms. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation may be useful in some. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen may help with physical symptoms. In those with more significant symptoms, birth control pills or the diuretic spironolactone may be useful.
Over 90% of women report having some premenstrual symptoms, such as bloating, headaches, and moodiness. Premenstrual symptoms generally do not cause substantial disruption, and only qualify as PMS in approximately 20% of pre-menopausal women. Antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) class may be used to treat the…
Everything we examined (13) — 12 independent sources
This check searched the claim as stated. It did not run a separate search for evidence against it.