Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, and author who was the dictator of the Roman Republic almost continuously from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. A member of the First Triumvirate, he led the Roman armies through the Gallic Wars and defeated his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil war. He consolidated power and proclaimed himsel Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, and author who was the dictator of the Roman Republic almost continuously from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. A member of the First Triumvirate, he led the Roman armies through the Gallic Wars and defeated his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil war. He consolidated power and proclaimed himself dictator for life in 44 BC, helping create the political conditions that led to the collapse of the Roman Republic and the emergence of the Roman Empire. For his role in these events, he is regarded as one of history's most influential figures. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass political power were opposed by many in the Senate, including Cato the Younger with the private support of Cicero. Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, which greatly expanded Roman territory. During this time, he invaded Britain and built a bridge across the Rhine. These achievements, along with the loyalty of his veteran army, threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey. The alliance between Caesar and Pompey slowly broke down and, by 50 BC, Pompey had realigned himself with the Senate. With his command expiring and the Gallic Wars largely concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to relinquish his military command and return to Rome. In early January 49 BC, Caesar openly defied the Senate by crossing the Rubicon and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. This act began Caesar's civil war, which he won, leaving him in a position of near-unchallenged power and influence in 45 BC. After assuming control of government and pardoning many of his enemies, Caesar carried out various reforms and public works. He created the Julian calendar to replace the republican lunisolar calendar, reduced the size of the grain dole, settled his veterans in new overseas colonies, greatly increased the size of the Senate, and extended citizenship to… C.…

politicians and nobles. Sulla eventually stepped down and went into voluntary retirement in 79 B.C., but his brief power grab weakened the foundations of the Roman Republic. It would only take a few more decades before they began to crumble. 2 . Caesar’s Civil War In 49 B.C., Julius Caesar found himself at a crossroads. The great general was fresh off a stunning military campaign in Gaul, but his longtime alliance with Pompey the Great had turned into a bitter rivalry. Even more pressing was the Pompey-aligned factions of the Roman Senate, which demanded that he disband his army and return home as a civilian. Caesar would do no such thing. Vowing, “The die is cast,” he rallied his men, crossed the Rubicon into Italy and ignited a civil war. Over the next several months, Caesar’s supporters crossed swords with Pompey’s forces in battles across Italy, Spain, Greece and North Africa. A crucial turning point came at 48 B.C.’s Battle of Pharsalus when Caesar outfoxed a Pompey-led army despite having far fewer troops. Pompey fled to Egypt in the wake of the defeat, only to be double-crossed and executed by its young king . With Pompey dead, Caesar’s victory was all but secured. After defeating the last of Pompey’s allies in North Africa and Spain, he returned to Rome and was appointed dictator for life in early 44 B.C. His reign would be short-lived.  Caesar was killed by a cabal of Roman senators  on March 15, the infamous Ides of March . The death of Caesar  Getty Images / Leemage / UIG Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement 11 Roman Emperors Who Helped Mold the Ancient World These rulers were often as innovative and ingenious as they were brutal and corrupt. These rulers were often as innovative and ingenious as they were brutal and corrupt. By: Aaron Randle 3 . The War between Antony and Octavian The conspirators who stabbed Julius Caesar may have believed they were saving the Roman Republic, but their actions inadvertently brought about its complete collapse . The

Several writers on the history of the Roman Republic have argued that the causes of the conflict between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar, Rome‟s renowned military commanders and politicians, are traceable to the deaths of Crassus and Julia, wife of Pompey. Crassus was the third in the 60 B.C. tripod alliance of Crassus-Pompey-Caesar otherwise called „First Triumvirate‟ while Julia was the daughter of Julius Caesar, given in marriage to Pompey to strengthen the alliance. The writers, reasonably, conclude that the deaths of these unifying personages soured the relationship between the last two politicians, resulting ultimately in an open conflict in 49 B.C. These submissions and others, however, have not grounded the roots of the conflict in the moral problems of greed for wealth and power (avaritas) and desire for fame, public honour and military triumph (gloria). Therefore, this paper concentrates on both Pompey and Caesar and those latent amoral actions that induced the spread of their political and military influence and accumulation of wealth and positions in the dying days of the Roman Republic. The paper explained avaritas as an intense and selfish desire for wealth and power beyond what is necessary. By the same token, gloria is expressed as intense and selfish desire for fame or public honour, attained through military conquests and political achievements. Using the historical method in interpreting both primary and secondary sources, the paper notes tha

Abstract In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar entered into a political alliance with the two most powerful men in Rome, Crassus and Pompey, forming the “Triumvirate.” The three ruled the Roman Republic together while at the same time each tried to maneuver himself into a position of dominance. In order to do this, wealth and political influence were necessary, but military experience and army support were vital. Crassus had experience, making himself famous by crushing the Spartacus slave uprising. He then assumed the governorship of Syria so he could gain more laurels and wealth in a war against the Parthians. He died trying. Caesar took the position of governor of Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul (northern Italy and southern France), where he hoped to gain the military and financial power he needed. References: Julius Caesar, War Commentaries of Caesar, trans. Rex Warner (New York: New American Library, 1960); Will Durant, Caesar and Christ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944); Christian Meier, Caesar, trans. David McLintock (New York: HarperCollins, 1995 [1982]); Donald O’Reilly, “Besiegers Besieged,” Military History 9, no. 6, February 1993.

Caesar's civil war Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) occurred during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Julius Caesar and Pompey. The main cause of the war was political tensions relating to Caesar's place in the Republic on his expected return to Rome on the expiration of his governorship in Gaul. Before the war, Caesar had led an invasion of Gaul for almost ten years. A build-up of tensions starting in late 50 BC, with both Caesar and Pompey refusing to back down, led to the outbreak of civil war. Pompey and his allies induced the Senate to demand Caesar give up his provinces and armies in the opening days of 49 BC. Caesar refused and instead marched on Rome. The war was fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania. The decisive events occurred in 48 BC: Pompey defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in modern Albania, but the subsequent larger Battle of Pharsalus in Greece was won by Caesar and Pompey's army disintegrated. Many prominent supporters of Pompey (termed Pompeians) surrendered after the battle, such as Marcus Junius Brutus and Cicero. Others fought on, including Cato the Younger and Metellus Scipio. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he

Julius Caesar - Roman Ruler, Civil War, 49-45 BCE | Britannica Julius Caesar ## Break with Pompey and the collapse of the triumvirate in Julius Caesar in # Family background and career https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler#ref9734 Ask Anything Homework Help Also known as: Gaius Julius Caesar Written by Arnold Joseph Toynbee Fact-checked by Britannica Editors Last updated June 8, 2026 • History Britannica AI Ask Anything Table of Contents Table of Contents Ask Anything Julius Caesar Marble bust of Julius Caesar; in the Vatican Museums, Vatican City.(more) During his conquest of Gaul, Caesar had been equally busy in preserving and improving his position at home. He used part of his growing wealth from Gallic loot to hire political agents in Rome. Meanwhile the cohesion of the triumvirate had been placed under strain. Pompey had soon become restive toward his alarmingly successful ally Caesar, as had Crassus toward his old enemy Pompey. The all

Why did Pompey the Great fight Julius Caesar? | Britannica ⚽️ Get Our World Cup Newsletter: The Pitch ⚽️ Learn More CITE # Why did Pompey the Great fight Julius Caesar? Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Pompey’s political alliance with Julius Caesar had weakened by 54 BCE, and it collapsed with the death of Julia, Caesar’s daughter and Pompey’s wife. Pompey grew wary of Caesar’s growing ambitions and drew closer to the Roman senatorial establishment. In 49 Caesar defied Senate demands and entered Italy with his army. Pompey responded with war.