Plants and animals differ fundamentally in cellular structure and metabolic processes
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Comparative biological literature establishes that plant and animals exhibit fundamental differences in both cellular structures, such as extracellular matrices and organelles, and metabolic processes.
Comparisons of Golgi structure and dynamics in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus of both higher plant and animal cells sorts and packages macromolecules which are in transit to and from the cell surface and to the lysosome (vacuole). It is also the site of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis and modification. The underlying similarity of function of plant and animal Golgi is reflected in similar morphological features, such as cisternal stacking. There are, however, several fundamental differences between the Golgi of plant and animal cells, reflecting, in large part, the fact that the extracellular matrices and lysosomal systems differ between these kingdoms. These include 1) the form and replication of the Golgi during cell division; 2) the disposition of the Golgi in the interphase cell; 3) the nature of "anchoring" the Golgi in the cytoplasm; 4) the genesis, extent, and nature of membranes at the trans side of the stack; 5) targeting signals to the lysosome (vacuole); and 6) physiological regulation of secretion events (constitutive vs. regulated secretion).
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PMCID: PMC10329083 PMID: 37418047
Abstract
Many cell biological facts that can be found in dedicated scientific textbooks are based on findings originally made in humans and/or other mammals, including respective tissue culture systems. They are often presented as if they were universally valid, neglecting that many aspects differ—in part considerably—between the three major kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotic life, comprising animals, plants and fungi. Here, we provide a comparative cross-kingdom view on the basic cell biology across these lineages, highlighting in particular essential differences in cellular structures and processes between phyla. We focus on key dissimilarities in cellular organization, e.g. regarding cell size and shape, the composition of the extracellular matrix, the types of cell–cell junctions, the presence of specific membrane-bound organelles and the organization of the cytoskeleton. We further highlight essential disparities in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular transport, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cytokinesis. Our comprehensive cross-kingdom comparison emphasizes overlaps but also marked differences between the major lineages of the three kingdoms and, thus, adds to a more holistic view of multicellular eukaryotic cell biology.
Keywords: Cell biology, (Sub-)cellular structures, Cellular functions, Cross-kingdom, Eukaryotic multicellular life, Animals, Fungi, Plants Introduction
Cells are the universal building blocks of all organisms—from simpler organized single-celled pro- and eukaryotes to highly complex multicellular species. Eukaryotic cells exhibit extensive compartmentalization: they are substructured by the presence of multiple intracellular organelles, which form dedicated membrane-enclosed reaction chambers for particular biochemical and cell biological processes. Taxonomically, the superkingdom
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