Pesticide exposure significantly increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease
Multiple epidemiological reviews, experimental studies, and toxicological overviews consistently support the conclusion that pesticide exposure significantly increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
Papers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 all provide converging evidence from epidemiological reviews, animal models, and mechanistic studies linking pesticide exposure to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. There are no papers refuting this relationship (paper 6 discusses antimony, which is tangential). Thus, the verdict is SUPPORTED.
Santos JR, Mendes MC, Dallabrida KG, Gonçalves R, Sampaio TB. Pesticide exposure and the development of Parkinson disease: a systematic review of Brazilian studies.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311xen011424
A systematic review of Brazilian studies indicates an association between pesticide exposure and an increased occurrence of Parkinson's disease.
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Höllerhage M. Pesticides and parkinson's disease: causal relationship at the population and individual level?. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-025-03054-3
A review on pesticides and Parkinson's disease highlights that pesticide exposure is associated with an increased risk of the disease, leading to occupational recognition in France and Germany.
Schaeffer E, Becktepe JS, Brockmann K, Eggers C, Gülke E, Kalbe E, Rattay TW, Tönges L, Warnecke T, Zeuner KE, Berg D. Preventing Parkinson's disease in the context of movement disorders: a narrative review of current evidence and future directions.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-026-00488-2
A narrative review on preventing Parkinson's disease identifies pesticide exposure as a well-supported relevant risk factor.
Villalobos-Cantor S, Arreola-Bustos A, Martin I. Genome-wide analysis reveals genes mediating resistance to paraquat neurodegeneration in Drosophila.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaf087
A genome-wide analysis in Drosophila supports the mechanistic role of gene-environment interactions in pesticide-related neurodegeneration linked to Parkinson's risk.
Arrar A, Mesto N, Descaillot R, Humo M, De Cesar A, Gaillard D, Lakhdar L, Vulin J, Aufauvre C, Baumier R, Bellières C, Imbert J, Perrier P, Jamin EL, Vuillaume R, Arsac JN, Fougerat A, Ravier MA, Baron T, Gamet-Payrastre L, Costes S. Insulin resistance induced by pesticides is overcome by pancreatic islet adaptation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2026.102388
A mouse model study demonstrates that chronic dietary exposure to pesticides leads to motor deficits and metabolic alterations associated with Parkinson's disease.
Shoeb M, Alman B, Kaur H, Han M, Atif F, Kim WW, Desai S, Ruiz P, Zarus GM. Environmental Substances Associated with Neurodegeneration: An Overview of Parkinson's Disease and Related Genotoxic Endpoints.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020236
An overview of environmental substances associated with neurodegeneration highlights pesticides as agents with direct or probable association with Parkinson's disease risk.
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