Perpetual motion machines violate the laws of thermodynamics.
Perpetual motion machines are fundamentally precluded by the laws of thermodynamics, particularly the second law.
The claim that perpetual motion machines violate the laws of thermodynamics is strongly supported by multiple papers in thermodynamics (e.g., [4], [8], [9]) which explicitly state that the laws of thermodynamics preclude perpetual motion. There are no refuting papers.
H. S. Earp, A. Romeiro. The Entropy Law and the Impossibility of Perpetual Economic Growth. 2013. https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAPPS.2015.510063
Discusses how continuous production cycles cannot operate as perpetual motion systems without violating the second law of thermodynamics.
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Kostic M. Reasoning and Logical Proofs of the Fundamental Laws: "<i>No Hope</i>" for the Challengers of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/e25071106
Provides a comprehensive logical proof and historical defense of the second law of thermodynamics, emphasizing the impossibility of perpetual motion.
A. Corichi, Omar Gallegos. An Extended Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2025
Affirms that the second law of thermodynamics is a fundamental physical principle that precludes the existence of perpetual motion machines.
Simon Bienewald, Diego M. Fieguth, James R. Anglin. The Hungry Daemon: Does an Energy-Harvesting Active Particle Have to Obey the Second Law of Thermodynamics?. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27090918
Demonstrates through mechanical analysis that energy-harvesting active systems cannot operate as perpetual motion machines.
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