Pearson correlation and linear regression are appropriate statistical analyses for correlational studies.
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Reference literature and multiple peer-reviewed studies report that Pearson correlation and linear regression are widely used and appropriate statistical analyses for evaluating relationships in correlational studies.
<h4>Background</h4>Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity that typically develops during childhood or adolescence but may affect individuals across the lifespan. Regular monitoring is often necessary to detect progression and assess treatment effectiveness. Radiography remains the clinical gold standard; however, repeated ionizing radiation exposure is associated with increased cancer risks, highlighting the need for reliable, non-invasive, and radiation-free assessment methods. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and criterion validity of emerging radiation-free scoliosis monitoring techniques compared to radiographic standards.<h4>Methods</h4>A comprehensive literature search across six databases (Cochrane, EMBASE, IEEE Xplore, PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science) identified 56 eligible studies involving 4,774 patients diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis (median number of patients per study: 38; range: 5 to 952, mean patient age: 15.2 years, female-to-male ratio: 3:1). Criterion validity was assessed by pooling Pearson correlation coefficients between radiographic and non-ionizing measurements. Measurement accuracy was assessed by pooling their mean absolute differences in Cobb angles. Additionally, sensitivity and specificity for detecting deformity progression were assessed. Statistical analyses employed multilevel linear mixed-effects models, introducing moderators to explain study heterogeneity.<h4>Results</h4>Ultrasonography demonstrated the highest overall validity, consistently correlating strongly (r≈0.9) with radiographic Cobb angles. Surface topography also showed robust correlation (r > 0.8), although evidence remains insufficient for patients with higher body mass indices or more severe spinal curvatures for both methods. Magnetic resonance imaging exhibited a very strong correlation (r = 0.93) with radiographic measurements; however, correlation varied significantly depending on patient positioning. Upright MRI provided more consistent results compared to supine positioning.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Ultrasonography and surface topography represent promising radiation-free alternatives that could significantly reduce radiographic assessment frequency, minimizing radiation exposure, particularly in suitable patient groups. While MRI also demonstrates excellent validity, its broader clinical applicability remains constrained by substantial costs, limited availability, and extended examination durations. Although these non-ionizing modalities are not yet viable replacements for routine radiography, their demonstrated validity and accuracy supports their potential as complementary technologies, particularly for screening or supplementary monitoring of scoliosis.
<h4>Objectives</h4>To assess the concordance of results between paired target trial emulations and their benchmarking randomised controlled trials and to explore determinants of emulation success.<h4>Design</h4>Systematic review and meta-analysis.<h4>Data sources</h4>Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (2010 to 2025).<h4>Study selection</h4>Observational studies that explicitly aimed to emulate target randomised controlled trials of a health intervention were included.<h4>Data extraction</h4>Data were extracted on study domain, target population, intervention, comparator, and main outcomes for each emulation and corresponding randomised controlled trial.<h4>Main outcome measures</h4>For 21 predefined emulation design features, concordance was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients, standardised difference agreement, and ratio of ratios, with subgroup and regression analyses of study characteristics and concordance.<h4>Results</h4>Among 107 target trial emulation-randomised controlled trial pairs, the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45 to 0.70), standardised difference agreement was 79% (85/107), and summary ratio of ratios was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.01; I<sup>2</sup>=36%). In 63 pairs with closer emulation of trial design, a higher level of agreement was observed, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.83 (0.73 to 0.89) and standardised difference agreement of 87% (55/63). In subgroup analysis, trial emulations tended to systematically underestimate treatment effects from randomised controlled trials for specific outcomes related to venous thromboembolism and major adverse cardiovascular events, while overestimating those for respiratory outcomes, with pooled ratio of ratios of 0.76 (0.58 to 1.00; I<sup>2</sup>=40%), 0.91 (0.86 to 0.96; I<sup>2</sup>=32%), and 1.20 (1.03 to 1.40; I<sup>2</sup>=40%), respectively. Moreover, emulations based on claims data tended to underestimate the treatment effects (ratio of ratios 0.90, 0.82 to 0.99; I<sup>2</sup>=38%). In univariate regression analyses, poorer target trial emulation-randomised controlled trial concordance was associated with emulation designs with imbalanced baseline population characteristics, treatment started in hospital, and lower outcome emulation quality.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Current target trial emulations achieve moderate concordance when replicating their corresponding randomised controlled trials. Concordance could be improved by better emulation design, including better baseline and outcome emulation and leveraging multisource linked databases.<h4>Systematic review registration</h4>PROSPERO CRD42024619811.
in most statistics textbooks (e.g. correlation and linear regression). Appendices Appendix A (“Communication … least interval scaling, the Pearson ris the appropriate SUH Statistic. Wee Pearson r statistic for the Ce … Rho is really just a Pearson r computed on ranked (ordinal) data. Like the Pearson 7, the Spearman rho
Randomized clinical trials of cancer screening typically use cancer-specific mortality as the primary end point. The incidence of stage III-IV cancer is a potential alternative end point that may accelerate completion of randomized clinical trials of cancer screening. To compare cancer-specific mortality with stage III-IV cancer as end points in randomized clinical trials of cancer screening. This meta-analysis included 41 randomized clinical trials of cancer screening conducted in Europe, North America, and Asia published through February 19, 2024. Data extracted included numbers of participants, cancer diagnoses, and cancer deaths in the intervention and comparison groups. For each clinical trial, the effect of screening was calculated as the percentage reduction between the intervention and comparison groups in the incidence of participants with cancer-specific mortality and stage III-IV cancer. Randomization to a cancer screening test or to a comparison group in a clinical trial of cancer screening. End points of cancer-specific mortality and incidence of stage III-IV cancer were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients with 95% CIs, linear regression, and fixed-effects meta-analysis. The included randomized clinical trials tested benefits of screening for breast (n = 6), colorectal (n = 11), lung (n = 12), ovarian (n = 4), prostate (n = 4), and other cancers (n = 4). Correlation between reductions in cancer-specific mortality and stage III-IV cancer varied by cancer type (I2 = 65%; P = .02). Correlation was highest for trials that screened for ovarian (Pearson ρ = 0.99 [95% CI, 0.51-1.00]) and lung (Pearson ρ = 0.92 [95% CI, 0.72-0.98]) cancers, moderate for breast cancer (Pearson ρ = 0.70 [95% CI, -0.26 to 0.96]), and weak for colorectal (Pearson ρ = 0.39 [95% CI, -0.27 to 0.80]) and prostate (Pearson ρ = -0.69 [95% CI, -0.99 to 0.81]) cancers. Slopes from linear regression were estimated as 1.15 for ovarian cancer, 0.75 for lung cancer, 0.40 for colorectal cancer, 0.28 for breast cancer, and -3.58 for prostate cancer, suggesting that a given magnitude of reduction in incidence of stage III-IV cancer produced different magnitudes of change in incidence of cancer-specific mortality (P for heterogeneity = .004). In randomized clinical trials of cancer screening, incidence of late-stage cancer may be a suitable alternative end point to cancer-specific mortality for some cancer types, but is not suitable for others. These results have implications for clinical trials of multicancer screening tests.
Neurophysiological studies are often designed to examine relationships between measures from different testing conditions, time points, or analysis techniques within the same group of participants. Appropriate statistical techniques that can take into account repeated measures and multivariate predictor variables are integral and essential to successful data analysis and interpretation. This work implements and compares conventional Pearson correlations and linear mixed-effects (LME) regression models using data from two recently published auditory electrophysiology studies. For the specific research questions in both studies, the Pearson correlation test is inappropriate for determining strengths between the behavioral responses for speech-in-noise recognition and the multiple neurophysiological measures as the neural responses across listening conditions were simply treated as independent measures. In contrast, the LME models allow a systematic approach to incorporate both fixed-effect and random-effect terms to deal with the categorical grouping factor of listening conditions, between-subject baseline differences in the multiple measures, and the correlational structure among the predictor variables. Together, the comparative data demonstrate the advantages as well as the necessity to apply mixed-effects models to properly account for the built-in relationships among the multiple predictor variables, which has important implications for proper statistical modeling and inte
Abstract In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), understanding the relationship between feed load and its impact on water quality and overall shrimp health is important. This study utilised an indoor marine RAS for the intensive culture of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The shrimp were stocked into the grow‐out system at an average body weight of 0.25 g and a stocking density of 347 shrimp/m3. Water quality parameters of temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured twice daily. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite and nitrate were measured once weekly or when needed. Sampling was conducted to calculate the daily feed ratio based on the total estimated biomass. Mortality was recorded as a means of evaluating the overall shrimp health. The data obtained were analysed using Pearson correlation (r) analysis and multi‐linear regression with a significant difference accepted p < 0.05. Correlation (r) established relationships among the water quality parameters, feed load and mortality. The TAN level of 24.20 mg/L was recorded when the feed load increased by 81.2% resulting in the mortality of 40% of shrimp. A negative correlation between TAN and DO resulted in a synergistic effect causing a massive consumption of DO in the water, reducing its availability to the shrimp and leading to a drastic change in the shrimp's behaviour. Overfeeding can lead to an accumulation of uneaten feed and waste, causing ammonia spikes and
Background and Objective: Infertility is a major global health issue that affects all aspects of well-being, especially in infertile women; nonetheless, their spiritual and sexual health have received less attention. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between spiritual health and quality of sexual life in infertile women. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 265 infertile women selected using the available sampling method from those referring to the infertility clinic of Shariati Hospital in Tehran in 2024. Demographic characteristic form, clinical records, Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and Sexual Quality of Life/ Female (SQOL-F) Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 34.61±13.6 years, and most had a diploma (37%). The mean scores of spiritual well-being and sexual life quality were 95.78±15.13 and 90.64±16.56, respectively. The quality of sexual life demonstrated a positive significant correlation with spiritual well-being (r=0.475; P<0.001), existential well-being (r=0.508; P<0.001), and religious well-being (r=0.317; P<0.001). Conclusion: The findings pointed to a significant association between spiritual hea
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between knowledge management and organizational learning among public librarians in Fars province. Method: This study is an applied study which was conducted using the descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population included all librarians of public libraries in Fars province in 1400 (322 people), from whom 175 librarians were selected as the research sample using simple random sampling. In order to collect people's opinions, Bukowitz and Williams (1999) standard knowledge management questionnaire and organizational learning questionnaire based on Neefe theory (2001) were used. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software version 22. and descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and in inferential statistics, Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression were used. Findings: The results of correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge management (KM) and organizational learning (OL) among the librarians of public libraries in Fars province. Furthermore, among KM’s components, knowledge production and consolidation and sharing had the most correlation with OL (respectively 0.900 and 0/898 correlation coefficients). Moreover, the result of multiple linear regression showed that there is a 100-percent common variance between KM and OL. The production and consolidation component is the strongest pre
Abstract Background Given the high prevalence of physical and mobility disabilities among older adults worldwide, and their impact on both mental and physical health, understanding the factors associated with quality of life in this population is essential. This study aimed to determine the relationship between general self-efficacy and quality of life among older adults with physical/mobility disabilities. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 200 older adults with physical and mobility disabilities referred to selected educational and medical centers affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences, using quota sampling. Data were collected using the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT), demographic questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), and the 10-item General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-10). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, employing Pearson correlation and linear regression, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Results There was a direct and significant relationship between general self-efficacy and overall quality of life, as well as all its domains. General self-efficacy accounted for 35% of the variance in overall quality of life among the participants. Specifically, for every 1.95-unit increase in general self-efficacy, the overall quality of life score increased by 1 unit. Moreover, multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy remained a strong and statistically signi
<h4>Introduction</h4>This study explores the relationship between literary exposure and characteristic traits such as empathy and resilience. It examines this association as a potential factor associated with the development of clinical judgement in clinical care. This examination contributes to understanding factors related to "iatrogenic suffering" of the patients. Using Narrative Medicine as the conceptual framework, the study adopted a quantitative methodology by surveying medical students and doctors to explore how their engagement with literature, films, and other narratives relates to their orientation toward patient-centered care.<h4>Methods</h4>A structured online questionnaire consisting of five sections including: Demographics, Literary Exposure, Perception of Literary Value, Empathy, and Emotional Resilience, was circulated among medical students and doctors across Tamil Nadu, India. Using purposive and convenience sampling, 120 responses were collected with informed consent. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Python software. The research employs Pearson and Spearman's correlation along with Simple Linear Regression Analysis to explore the relationship between exposure to the Humanities, especially literature, and Medicine, in order to determine its association with certain characteristic traits such as empathy and resilience.<h4>Results</h4>The findings indicate a statistically significant association between consistent literary engagement and higher self-reported empathy and resilience. This quality has been linked in prior scholarship to greater sensitivity to doctor-induced patient suffering.<h4>Discussion</h4>Thus, literary and narrative engagement is associated with an orientation toward compassionate care. On this basis, this study suggests that literary narratives may be considered a meaningful component within medical education, while acknowledging the correlational nature of these findings.
A study sought to identify what the public thinks about the appropriate level of education and training for opticians. A 10% random sample of 1,510 New York State customers (n=151) of a large multinational opticianry corporation was surveyed. Two categories of data were social background (combined annual family income, age, marital status, race, gender) and a locally constructed five-item Guttman scale selected to differentiate attitude toward optical training. The scale consisted of future-oriented questions about the individuals' future eye care exposure to apprenticeship-trained opticians and present-oriented questions about current educational requirements within the optician profession. Statistical analyses included descriptive percentage data extracted for cross-tabulation, Pearson correlation, and linear regression models for prediction and causal explanations. Findings indicated customer attitude toward optician training was in favor of higher educational requirements and credentials for all social background indicators; confidence level in the eye care professional increased as the optician's educational achievement increased; 100 percent would be more confident in the optician's skills if he/she were college educated; and 81 percent believed an optician should have earned at least a baccalaureate degree. (YLB)
OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively synthesize existing evidence regarding the overall correlation between resilience and athletic performance and explore potential moderating variables. METHODS: Observational studies of the association between resilience and athletic performance were identified using electronic databases and manual searches. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies, developed by the National Institutes of Health. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used as effect sizes for the pooled results. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number: CRD42024590706). RESULTS: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 15 independent samples, 27 effect sizes, and 4654 participants. The main effect test indicated a significant positive correlation between resilience and athletic performance (r = 0.437, z = 6.862, 95% CI = 0.322 to 0.538). The moderating effect test indicated that the resilience measurement used significantly moderated the association between resilience and athletic performance (QB = 54.716, df = 1, p < 0.001), whereas no significant moderating effects were observed for the remaining variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the review provide evidence-based support for the positive development and appropriate guidance of resilience in athletes, thereby effectively enhancing their physical and mental health and athletic performance.
distributions, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, linear regression, and correlation. Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students
Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of peo
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To determine the incidence of pneumoconiosis worldwide and its influencing factors. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Cohort studies on occupational pneumoconiosis. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched until November 2021. Studies were selected for meta-analysis if they involved at least one variable investigated as an influencing factor for the incidence of pneumoconiosis and reported either the parameters and 95% CIs of the risk fit to the data, or sufficient information to allow for the calculation of those values. The pooled incidence of pneumoconiosis and risk ratio (RR) and 95% CIs of influencing factors. Our meta-analysis included 19 studies with a total of 335 424 participants, of whom 29 972 developed pneumoconiosis. The pooled incidence of pneumoconiosis was 0.093 (95% CI 0.085 to 0.135). We identified the following influencing factors: (1) male (RR 3.74; 95% CI 1.31 to 10.64; p=0.01), (2) smoking (RR 1.80; 95% CI 1.34 to 2.43; p=0.0001), (3) tunnelling category (RR 4.75; 95% CI 1.96 to 11.53; p<0.0001), (4) helping category (RR 0.07; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.16; p<0.0001), (5) age (the highest incidence occurs between the ages of 50 and 60), (6) duration of dust exposure (RR 4.59, 95% CI 2.41 to 8.74, p<0.01) and (7) cumulative total dust exposure (CTD) (RR 34.14, 95% CI 17.50 to 66.63, p<0.01). A dose-response analysis revealed a significant positive linear dose-response association between the risk of pneumoconiosis and duration of exposure and CTD (P-non-linearity=0.10, P-non-linearity=0.16; respectively). The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that silicosis incidence was highly correlated with cumulative silica exposure (r=0.794, p<0.001). The incidence of pneumoconiosis in occupational workers was 0.093 and seven factors were found to be associated with the incidence, providing some insight into the prevention of pneumoconiosis. CRD42022323233.
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