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the claim

Passports and border checks became widespread during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
Recorded sources
2 sources for · 0 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Passports and formal border controls became widespread during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as states sought to monitor and regulate international mobility.

The analysis

The retrieved papers include historical analysis explicitly examining the use and falsification of passports during the nineteenth century (e.g., in Cuba), as well as scholarship noting that travel and health passports have existed for over a century. The claim is specific, historical, and well-supported by the provided literature.

Evidence for · 2
Recorded source metadata

David Sartorius. Transitory Trust: Falsified Passports, Circulars, and Other Speculations in Nineteenth-Century Cuba. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shab028

Discusses how the increasing and uneven use of passports for maritime travel in nineteenth-century Cuba generated confusion and documentary procedures.

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More for · 1
Recorded source metadata

Cope KL, Somin I, Stremitzer A. Vaccine Passports as a Constitutional Right. 2021. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3910194

Notes that vaccine passports and similar documentation have existed for over a century, highlighting their presence in earlier periods.

The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked01 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 8201 Aug 2026
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