Scientific literature confirms that not all carcinogens act as mutagens; many function through non-genotoxic or epigenetic mechanisms such as hormonal disruption and chronic inflammation.
Evidence for · 2
Mechanisms of DNA-reactive and epigenetic chemical carcinogens: applications to carcinogenicity testing and risk assessment
2019 · cited by 30
This review details how chemical carcinogens operate through diverse mechanisms, distinguishing between DNA-reactive agents and non-mutagenic epigenetic mechanisms.
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More for · 1
Deciphering the mechanisms of carcinogens: Unravelling the pathways of cancer initiation and progression: An insight into DNA damage, genotoxicity, and epigenetic changes
2024 · cited by 2
This study explores how carcinogens induce cancer through various pathways, explicitly noting that agents act via both genotoxic mechanisms and non-mutagenic pathways such as epigenetic changes and hormonal effects.