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Normal force is exerted at the molecular level through electromagnetic repulsion of electron clouds
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SUPPORTED
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refutedsupported
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3 sources for · 0 against
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Retrieved physics discussions and reference texts establish that macroscopic contact forces, such as the normal force, originate at the molecular level from electromagnetic interactions and the repulsion between electron clouds.

Evidence for · 3
What is happening microscopically when two bodies are in contact but seemingly exert no normal force?
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# What is happening microscopically when two bodies are in contact but seemingly exert no normal force? Tags: newtonian-mechanics, electromagnetism, forces, free-body-diagram, contact-mechanics - Score: -2 - Views: 49 - Answers: 1 - Answered: yes - Asked by: Shourya Chauhan (55 rep) - Asked: 2026-07-17 - Edited: 2026-07-17 - Site: physics - Closed: closed ## Question This is one of those questions that started as a shower thought and then decided to become a full-time tenant in my brain. In introductory mechanics, the normal force is usually introduced as a contact force. Later, many textbooks explain that this force is actually electromagnetic in origin, arising from the repulsion between the electron clouds of the two bodies when they are brought into contact. That explanation makes perfect sense when one body is pressing against another. However, I started wondering about a much simpler situation. Imagine two identical rigid blocks touching each other on a perfectly frictionless horizontal surface. They are moving together with the same constant velocity, and there are no external forces trying to compress them or pull them apart. Nothing seems to require a normal force to k
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rails:sufficiency:supported:single_source:for=1+2p:against=0+0p | v55:sufficiency

More for · 2
Is the electromagnetic force responsible for contact forces?
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# Is the electromagnetic force responsible for contact forces? Tags: quantum-mechanics, quantum-field-theory, particle-physics, forces, pauli-exclusion-principle - Score: 14 - Views: 8414 - Answers: 1 - Answered: yes - Asked by: Alon Amit (242 rep) - Asked: 2013-07-22 - Edited: 2013-08-14 - Site: physics - Closed: closed ## Question It is commonly stated that there are four fundamental forces, or interactions, in nature. It is natural to consider which of those is responsible for the normal force we meet in elementary physics. What is the nature of the force exerted on a body by the floor on which it rests? Of the four forces, the only one that seems relevant is the electromagnetic force, and I always assumed the repelling force in question is ultimately the EM one. The Wikipedia article on contact forces seems to agree: Molecular and quantum physics show that the electromagnetic force is the fundamental interaction responsible for contact forces. An alternative explanation is that the force results from Pauli's Exclusion Principle; however, reasonable as it may seem, it doesn't seem to answer the question of what force is actually at play here. The exclusion principle isn
Classical Pauli repulsion: An anisotropic, atomic multipole model
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Classical Pauli repulsion: An anisotropic, atomic multipole model - PMC J Chem Phys . 2019 Feb 22;150(8):084104. doi: 10.1063/1.5081060 # Classical Pauli repulsion: An anisotropic, atomic multipole model Joshua A Rackers 1, Jay W Ponder 2,a) - Copyright and License information - Article notes - Author information 1Program in Computational and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA 2Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: ponder@dasher.wustl.edu Received 2018 Nov 13; Accepted 2019 Jan 23; Issue date 2019 Feb 28. Copyright © 2019 Author(s) Published under license by AIP Publishing. 0021-9606/2019/150(8)/084104/22/$30.00 PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC6386640 PMID: 30823770 ## Abstract Pauli repulsion is a key component of any theory of intermolecular interactions. Although Pauli or exchange repulsion has its origin in the quantum mechanical nature of electrons, it is possible to describe the resulting energetic effects via a classical model in terms of the overlap of electron densities. In fact, clo
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This check searched the claim as stated. It did not run a separate search for evidence against it.
  1. What is happening microscopically when two bodies are in contact but seemingly exert no normal force?referencesame source L34no side taken
  2. Is the electromagnetic force responsible for contact forces?referencesame source L34no side taken
  3. Classical Pauli repulsion: An anisotropic, atomic multipole modelreferenceno side taken
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first checked01 Aug 2026
judged → COMMON KNOWLEDGE · 9501 Aug 2026
held for human review08 Aug 2026
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