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the claim
Non-living systems can possess consciousness
the verdict
CONTESTED
the evidence cuts both ways
confidence 44/100

Whether non-living systems can possess consciousness remains a contested topic, divided between philosophical theories like panpsychism that attribute experience to all matter and empirical assessments of artificial systems showing that current non-living architectures lack genuine consciousness.

Evidence for · 3
Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness
2023 · cited by 191
Butlin et al. (2023) suggest that there are no obvious technical barriers preventing future non-living artificial intelligence systems from satisfying indicator properties of consciousness.
Evidence against · 2
Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness
2023 · cited by 191
Butlin et al. (2023) conclude through rigorous empirical assessment that current artificial intelligence systems are not conscious.
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More for · 2
The Argument for Panpsychism From Experience of Causation
2019 · cited by 29
The argument for panpsychism holds that the fundamental nature of causation is mental, providing a philosophical basis for consciousness in non-living systems (Jrgensen, 2019).
Panpsychism, pan-consciousness and the non-human turn: Rethinking being as conscious matter
2016 · cited by 27
Panpsychism and speculative realism explicitly endow all matter and inanimate nature with a form of consciousness and experience (Venter, 2016).
More against · 1
An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness: Combining Integrated Information and Global Neuronal Workspace Theories With the Free Energy Principle and Active Inference Framework; Toward Solving the Hard Problem and Characterizing Agentic Causation
2020 · cited by 145
Integrated World Modeling Theory argues that high integrated information alone does not entail subjective experience unless systems have specific agentic and perspectival reference frames (Harnad & Ellis, 2020).
The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked31 Jul 2026
judged → CONTESTED · 4431 Jul 2026
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