Evidence consistently indicates that tobacco smoking and nicotine delivery systems negatively impact clinical outcomes and disease progression in Crohn's disease.
Evidence for · 2
Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across the Ages in the Era of Advanced Therapies.
2024 · cited by 96
The review notes that smoking has consistently been shown to negatively impact disease outcomes for Crohn's disease.
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Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Emerging Evidence.
2026 · cited by 0
The systematic review indicates that e-cigarette use is associated with a signal for higher postoperative endoscopic recurrence in Crohn's disease.