Native speakers of different first languages exhibit distinct and predictable patterns of errors when learning English due to cross-linguistic influence and transfer from their mother tongue.
The retrieved literature thoroughly supports the claim that learners from different L1 backgrounds exhibit characteristic, predictable transfer errors (such as specific word order, grammatical structures, or phonological interference). Papers like Odlin (2019), DeepSeek vs. ChatGPT analyses (2025), and South African primary classroom studies (2026) directly document these predictable patterns, and no papers contradict the core claim.