Modern women are more disposed to hypergamy than men
the verdict
CONTESTED
contested - evenly split
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
2 sources for · 1 against
The retrieved literature contains conflicting evidence, with some sources supporting female hypergamy and others, such as historical marriage data studies, pointing against it.
Involuntary celibates, or "incels," are people who identify themselves by their inability to establish sexual partnerships. In this article, we use analytic abduction to qualitatively analyze 9,062 comments on a popular incel forum for heterosexual men that is characterized by extensive misogyny. Incels argue that emerging technologies reveal and compound the gender practices that produce involuntarily celibate men. First, incels argue that women's use of dating apps accelerates hypergamy. Second, incels suggest that highly desirable men use dating apps to partner with multiple women. Third, incels assert that subordinate men inflate women's egos and their "sexual marketplace value" through social media platforms. We argue that incels' focus on technology reinforces essentialist views on gender, buttresses male domination, dehumanizes women, and minimizes incels' own misogyny. We discuss findings in relation to theories of masculinity and social scientific research on the impacts of emerging technology.
In this article, we use analytic abduction to qualitatively analyze 9,062 comments on a popular incel forum for heterosexual men that is characterized by extensive misogyny. Incels argue that emerging technologies reveal and compound the gender practices that produce involuntarily celibate men. First, incels argue that women’s use of dating apps accelerates hypergamy. Second, incels suggest that highly desirable men use dating apps to partner with multiple women. Third, incels assert that subordinate men inflate women’s egos and their “sexual marketplace value” through social media platforms.
This article contributes to this literature by demonstrating how incels buttress the masculine order with a form of gendered technological determinism, which lays blame for their inability to establish sexual relationships on the impact that emerging technologies have on gender relations. We detail incels’ arguments that dating apps (e.g., Tinder ™ ) facilitate hypergamy, that dating apps favor dominant men (called “Chads”), and that men incels perceive as subordinate (called “normies,” “betamales,” or “numales”) use social media to inflate women’s egos.
We identify three key themes in their arguments ( Hypergamy and Dating Apps, Chads and Tinder, Betamales , and Instagram ). Here, incels depict women as commodities and discuss how new technologies produce sexual marketplace distortions, ultimately they assert that technology leads to an “unfair” allocation of sexual access to women among men. By focusing on technology, incels support male domination and legitimate their misogynistic discourse. Hypergamy and Dating Apps Incels argue that dating apps are a driving factor in producing men who are involuntarily celibate.
According to this logic, apps like Tinder ™ and Bumble ™ provide women with a large number of men for romantic/sexual partnerships. Incels see women as inherently hypergamous, which means they use these
While incels focus primarily on hypergamy relative to physical attractiveness, they also argue that dating apps compound status-based hypergamy. Incels claim that women who they deem to be average or below average attractiveness are able to partner with men who are both attractive and socially successful: Nowadays, foids want good looks [and] good income [and a good] personality. And they are getting it, make no mistake about it. Because of Tinder and hypergamy. Foids prefer to share a Chad rather [then] settle with anything less.
Here, “foid” is shorthand for “femoid,” an incel term comparing women to androids, which incels themselves state is a “derogatory term” to suggest that “females are not fully human” ( Incel.co. 2020d ; see also Chang 2020 ). This user complains that “foids” have high standards for their sexual partners, as they want men who are attractive, wealthy, and have pleasant personalities. While these might seem like mundane criteria, many incels see themselves as failing in all three categories. As incels perceive these requirements as difficult or impossible to obtain, they are effectively “ruled out” of romantic life due to women’s hypergamy and modern dating technology.
Indeed, as this user suggests, women would rather “share a Chad” (i.e., be in a polyamorous relationship) than date an incel. In this section, we demonstrated how incels perceive dating apps as revealing and compounding women’s innate hypergamy. Incels situate themselves as hapless victims in this scenario, seeing themselves as average or below average men who are excluded from romantic life due to a confluence of external forces, which leaves the role of their prolific and caustic misogyny unexamined. Here, incels victimhood is firmly tied to their ideas that they are owed sex and entitled to women’s bodies.
While incels connect heterosexual sex to masculine status ( Connell 1995 ; Pascoe 2011 ; Taylor and Jackson 2018 ), they argue that it is apps and women that deny them this status. Incels denigrate women for rejecting them while depicting women as simplistically and hedonistically pursuing the most physically desirable men. While apps are a driving factor in the inceldom, it is women that receive hate and anger. Chads and Tinder In tandem with increasing hypergamy, incels argue that dating apps provide women with access to “Chads,” an incel-term used to describe the most attractive men.
Once again, this formulation buttresses incels’ essentialist ideas while situating themselves as hapless victims of changing social relations. Discussion and Conclusion As demonstrated in this article, incels argue that inceldom is exacerbated by emerging technologies. First, incels suggest dating apps amplify hypergamy, providing women with access to large numbers of potential mates and facilitating their ability to “upgrade” their partner. Second, incels argue that dominant men (e.g., Chads) can simultaneously pursue numerous women via dating apps, monopolizing sexual and romantic access to women.
Hypergamy reconsidered: Marriage in England, 1837–2021 | PLOS One
Browse Subject Areas
?
Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.
For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here.
## Figures
## Abstract
It is widely believed that women value social status in marital partners more than men, leading to female marital hypergamy (“marrying up”), and more female intergenerational social mobility. Using evidence from more than 33 million marriages and 67 million births in England 1837–2021 we show that within this era there was never significant hypergamous marriage by women. The average status of women’s fathers equaled that of their husbands’ fathers. For marriages 1912–2007 the average social status of female surnames equaled that of male. This was true also for parent surnames of children. Consistent with this, there was no differential tendency in England of men and women to marry by family status. There is also ancillary evidence that physical attraction cannot have been the significant determinant of matching in marriages in any period 1837–2021, based on the very strong correlation observed in underlying social status for marital partners th
# Are modern women disposed to hypergamy more than men?
Tags: gender, marriage
- Score: 18
- Views: 3517
- Answers: 1
- Answered: yes
- Asked by: Beofett (9443 rep)
- Asked: 2012-03-01
- Edited: 2012-03-01
- Site: skeptics
## Question
Hypergamy is the act or practice of seeking a spouse of higher socioeconomic status.
According to Wikipedia:
Some evolutionary psychologists believe that women exhibit mate-selective preferences for spouses who are greater than them in terms of attained physical attractiveness, educational level, job status, social standing, and capital accumulation.
Is there any research to support the belief that women are more disposed to hypergamous behavior than men?
For purposes of narrowing the scope of the claim, let's focus on women living in any first-world nation, although any of the categories of preferences listed above (physical attractiveness, educational level, job status, social standing, and/or capital accumulation) would be acceptable.
## Answers
### Answer by Devashish Das (score: 6)
Actually it might be the opposite for USA in contrast to Australia.
Immigration and Status Exchange in Australia and the United States
Kate H. Choi,* Marta
Everything we examined (3)
This check searched the claim as stated. It did not run a separate search for evidence against it.