This review considers whether exposure to low-level radiofrequency (RF) fields, mostly associated with mobile phone technology, can influence cognitive behaviour of laboratory animals. Studies were nominated for inclusion using an a priori defined protocol with preselected criteria, and studies were excluded from analysis if they did not include sufficient details about the exposure, dosimetry or experimental protocol, or if they lacked a sham-exposed group. Overall, 62 studies were identified that have investigated the effects of RF fields on spatial memory and place learning and have been published since 1993. Of these, 17 studies were excluded, 20 studies reported no significant field-related effects, 21 studies reported significant impairments or deficits, and four studies reported beneficial consequences. The data do not suggest whether these outcomes are related to specific differences in exposure or testing conditions, or simply represent chance. However, some studies have suggested possible molecular mechanisms for the observed effects, but none of these has been substantiated through independent replication. Further behavioural studies could prove useful to resolve this situation, and it is suggested that these studies should use a consistent animal model with standardized exposure and testing protocols, and with detailed dosimetry provided by heterogeneous, anatomically-realistic animal models.

Background . Skin health has become a worldwide concern. Most of the studies investigated the effect of mobile phone radiation on DNA and animals, but a few studies were carried out about skin diseases in mobile phone and tablet users. Few systematic studies have examined the relationship between mobile phone exposure and skin diseases. Methods . We evaluated the association between mobile phones and tablets and skin diseases. We checked databases including PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Cochrane, and Google Scholar from 1995 to 2013. The eligibility criteria were descriptive, and observational studies were in English and Persian language, and the subjects were of all ages and reported skin disease. Results . Most of the studies focused on signs and less on skin cancer. In total, 6 studies were included with 392119 participants with age over 25 years. In a nationwide cohort study in Denmark for BCC, the IRR (incidence rate ratios) estimates remained near unity among men and women. In the other studies, they reported an increase in temperature, hypersensitivity of warmth, facial dermatitis, angiosarcoma of the scalp, and burning sensations in the facial skin after mobile phone use on the exposed side and more within the auricle and behind/around the ear. Conclusions . Overall evaluations showed that the level of evidence associated with the effects of radiation from the mobile phone and tablet on the skin is poor. This review shows a necessity for more studies in this area. 12 4 2018 2018 9242718 9242718 30 5 2018 Copyright © 2018 A. Keykhosravi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background Skin health has become a worldwide concern. Most of the studies investigated the effect of mobile phone radiation on DNA and animals, but a few studies were carried out about skin diseases in mobile phone and tablet users. Few systematic studies have examined the relationship between mobile phone exposure and skin diseases. The possibility that some individuals experience hypersensitivity or other symptoms in response to mobile exposure was a high priority for research [ 3 ]. The emitted radiation in mobile phone and tablet is electromagnetic ray in the microwave range (850–1800) [ 1 ]. Collected evidence indicates that the frequency produced by mobile phones or base stations may affect the health of the people [ 4 , 5 ]. Most studies have been done on these factors, in animals. The results indicate that exposure to radiation emitted by mobile phones caused skin changes in rats, as, increased thickness of surface layer, atrophy of epidermis, deep layer proliferation, vascular proliferation, impairment in collagen tissue and protein expression in human skin in proteomics approach. The lack of studies on the association between mobile phone use and risk of skin diseases prompted us to examine these associations in this systematic review. 2. Methods 2.1. Search Strategy We reviewed PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, Google Scholar, and Springer 1995 to 2017. The duration of exposure to mobile radiation was very different for skin signs; therefore, we did not have the possibility of meta-analyzing studies. Oftedal et al. in 1999, with a sample size of 17,000, reported the prevalence of skin problems caused by mobile use [ 12 ] However, in a cohort study, Poulsen et al. reported the incidence of skin cancer [ 6 ]. We found In two other studies, these pointed to warmth sensation after the use of mobile phones [ 6 , 11 ]. Cell phones play an important role in people's lives since the last few decades, and people have been exposed for so long, so addressing their effects on health can prevent harmful effects among mobile phone users. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classified that the mobile-emitted radiation could be some risk of carcinogenicity, so further studies into heavy use of mobile phones needs to be conducted [ 14 ]. Previous studies have reported that collagen tissue increased in cells exposed to mobile radiation. Mobile phone radiation for one hour causes morphological changes and increased fibroblast activity of the skin. Another study also found that exposure to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation creates exocytosis in skin cells. Some studies have shown that the degree of destruction caused by mobile radiation is related to the duration of exposure to radiation [ 4 ]. Epidemiological studies conducted on humans and animals indicate that electromagnetic waves produce a wide range of side effects in different systems of the body [ 15 ], but they have not achieved a definite result [ 16 ]. In patients with profuse sweating, it provides a predisposing condition, and the penetration of nickel to the skin increases the occurrence of contact dermatitis. Therefore, mobile phone dermatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of contact dermatitis. The patch test and dimethylglyoxime test may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis [ 19 ]. In the study of Hardel et al. in 2011, he concluded that there is no relationship between the use of mobile phones and skin cancer [ 20 ]. Overall evaluations showed that the effects of mobile phone radiation on skin diseases are weak and have no statistical significance. Some studies have shown weak impacts, and some studies have found that over ten years of mobile use have been effective, but mobile phones are still a new technology and little evidence about long-term side effects is available, as a result, prevention is the best approach. Epidemiological studies on this topic are limited, and its long-term effects have not been evaluated, and there is a gap in the assessment relationship between mobile phone radiation and skin diseases. People are worried about the health effects of mobile phones, especially since it is part of daily life.

With increasing use of mobile phones, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) in the high-frequency band associated with mobile phones has become a public concern, with potentially adverse effects on cognitive function in children and adolescents. However, findings regarding the relation of RF-EMF and cognitive function in children and adolescents have been inconsistent due to a number of study design-related factors, such as types of exposure and outcome measures, age of participants, and the era of study conduction. The present literature review focused on these possible factors that could explain this inconsistency. This review identified 12 eligible studies (participants ages 4 to 17 years) and extracted a total 477 relations. In total, 86% of the extracted relations were not statistically significant; in the remaining 14%, a negative relation between RF-EMF and cognitive performance was detected under limited conditions: when (1) RF-EMF was assessed using objective measurement not subjective measurement (i.e., questionnaire), (2) participants were relatively older (12 years and above) and had greater opportunity of exposure to RF-EMF, and (3) the collection of cognitive function data was conducted after 2012. Given that 86% of the extracted relations in this analysis were not statistically significant, the interpretation should be approached with caution due to the possibility of the 14% of significant relationships, extracted in this review, representing chance findings.

<h4>Background</h4>Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today, numerous research studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems. In most studies, oxidative stress has been identified as the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves. This paper aims to provide a holistic review of the protective effects of melatonin against cell phone-induced electromagnetic waves on various organs.<h4>Methods</h4>This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct using the keywords 'melatonin', 'cell phone radiation', and 'animal model'. The search focused on articles written in English, which were reviewed and evaluated. The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study, and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.<h4>Results</h4>In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles, the effects of melatonin in the intervention group, the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group, and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ, i.e. brain, skin, eyes, testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined. The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain, the skin, the eyes, the testis, and the kidneys. Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues; these measurements were significantly increased in control groups. Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atrophy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of animal models against electromagnetic waves. In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin, future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials. We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physiology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications resulting from electromagnetic waves in humans.

Mobile phones emit radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic waves (EMWs), a low-level RF that can be absorbed by the human body and exert potential adverse effects on the brain, heart, endocrine system, and reproductive function. Owing to the novel findings of numerous studies published since 2012 regarding the effect of mobile phone use on sperm quality, we conducted a systematic review and updated meta-analysis to determine whether the exposure to RF-EMWs affects human sperm quality. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The outcome measures depicting sperm quality were motility, viability, and concentration, which are the most frequently used parameters in clinical settings to assess fertility. We evaluated 18 studies that included 4280 samples. Exposure to mobile phones is associated with reduced sperm motility, viability, and concentration. The decrease in sperm quality after RF-EMW exposure was not significant, even when the mobile phone usage increased. This finding was consistent across experimental in vitro and observational in vivo studies. Accumulated data from in vivo studies show that mobile phone usage is harmful to sperm quality. Additional studies are needed to determine the effect of the exposure to EMWs from new mobile phone models used in the present digital environment.

Introduction: The widespread use of mobile telephones has given rise to concern about potential influence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human health. Mobile phones emit a pulsed high frequency electromagnetic (EM) field that may have adverse effects. They transmit and receive microwave radiation at frequencies mainly ranged between 800 and 2000 MHz [1], which excites rotation of water molecules and some organic molecules, but is non-ionising [1] and so, would not be expected to damage DNA. This microwave radiation has been reported to have thermal and non- thermal effects in humans. Mate

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all aspects of people's lives, with many tasks and services now being delivered online in the aim of reducing contact and preventing further transmission of the disease. This has resulted in the increase in the use of portable electronic devices (i.e., mobile phones, smartphones, laptops), which emit different frequencies of electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation. However, the evidence on the harmful impacts of EMF radiation exposure on the human body, particularly on the abdomen of the female body during pregnancy, is scarce. Further, the related studies in the literature have yet to be systematically reviewed. If unmanaged, the absorption of EMF radiation by the maternal abdomen during pregnancy is associated with serious birth and infant outcomes.This study aimed to systematically review the published studies on the direct effects of EMF radiation emitted from mobile phones on pregnancy, birth, and infant outcomes.After a systematic search using the PRISMA guidelines, a total of 18 articles were retrieved from 5 databases. Studies which addressed the negative outcomes of EMF radiation exposure on mothers, adults, and children's health were included. The research articles were then sorted based on whether their findings were related to the impacts of EMF on physiological or pregnancy outcomes.The findings of this review showed that EMF radiation exposure is associated with hormonal, thermal, and cardiovascular changes among adults. However,

The use of digital technology has grown rapidly during the last couple of decades. During use, mobile phones and cordless phones emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation. No previous generation has been exposed during childhood and adolescence to this kind of radiation. The brain is the main target organ for RF emissions from the handheld wireless phone. An evaluation of the scientific evidence on the brain tumor risk was made in May 2011 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer at World Health Organization. The scientific panel reached the conclusion that RF radiation from devices that em

Το 1993, οι εταιρείες κατασκευής κινητών τηλεφώνων ανέθεσαν στον αμερικανό καθηγητή Δρ. Κάρλο να μελετήσει τις επιπτώσεις των κινητών στην υγεία. Η έρευνα χρηματοδοτήθηκε με 28 εκατ. δολάρια από τις εταιρείες, κράτησε 6 χρόνια και τα αποτελέσματα ήταν ιδιαίτερα ανησυχητικά: ο Δρ. Κάρλο ανακάλυψε ότι η ακτινοβολία την οποία εκπέμπουν τα κινητά τηλέφωνα επηρεάζει σοβαρά το ανθρώπινο DNA και μπορεί να προκαλέσει καρκίνο του εγκεφάλου και άλλες σοβαρές ασθένειες. Επειδή τα πορίσματα της έρευνας δεν ήταν αυτά που ανέμενε, η βιομηχανία κινητών προσπάθησε να κρατήσει την έρευνα μυστική. «Έκανε τα πάν

Zealand. 42 3. WHAT HARMFUL RADIATION Bomsarps Us DAILy? 3. WHAT HARMFUL RADIATION BOMBARUS US DAILY’ … from mobile phones electromagnetic radiation. Dr Kjell Hansson Mild in Sweden studied radiation risk … electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones in rats. And other studies of electromagnetic radiation on pregnant