Background To counteract gravity, trunk motion, and other perturbations, the human head–neck system requires continuous muscular stabilization. In this study, we combine a musculoskeletal neck model with models of sensory integration (SI) to unravel the role of vestibular, visual, and muscle sensory cues in head–neck stabilization and relate SI conflicts and postural instability to motion sickness. Method A 3D multisegment neck model with 258 Hill-type muscle elements was extended with postural stabilization using SI of vestibular (semicircular and otolith) and visual (rotation rate, verticality, and yaw) cues using the multisensory observer model (MSOM) and the subjective vertical conflict model (SVC). Dynamic head–neck stabilization was studied using empirical datasets, including 6D trunk perturbations and a 4 m/s2 slalom drive inducing motion sickness. Results Recorded head translation and rotation are well matched when using all feedback loops with MSOM or SVC or assuming perfect perception. A basic version of the model, including muscle, but omitting vestibular and visual perception, shows that muscular feedback can stabilize the neck in all conditions. However, this model predicts excessive head rotations in conditions with trunk rotation and in the slalom. Adding feedback of head rotational velocity sensed by the semicircular canals effectively reduces head rotations at mid-frequencies. Realistic head rotations at low frequencies are obtained by adding vestibular and visual feedback of head rotation based on the MSOM or SVC model or assuming perfect perception. The MSOM with full vision well captures all conditions, whereas the MSOM excluding vision well captures all conditions without vision. The SVC provides two estimates of verticality, with a vestibular estimate SVCvest, which is highly effective in controlling head verticality, and an integrated vestibular/visual estimate SVCint which can complement SVCvest in conditions with vision. As expected, in the sickening drive, SI models imprecisely estimate verticality, resulting in sensory conflict and postural instability. Conclusion The results support the validity of SI models in postural stabilization, where both MSOM and SVC provide credible results. The results in the sickening drive show imprecise sensory integration to enlarge head motion. This uniquely links the sensory conflict theory and the postural instability theory in motion sickness causation.

Vestibular stimulation is a promising method for mitigating motion sickness and assessing vestibular function. However, conventional methods such as galvanic, caloric, or bone conduction (BC) stimulation lack the spatial selectivity needed to replicate the precise inputs of natural head movements. In this study, a novel approach is proposed using multiple BC transducers with coordinated magnitude and phase to generate targeted vestibular motions. A validated finite element model of the human head was employed to simulate vestibular responses to stimuli from four transducer locations. A genetic algorithm was then used to optimize the magnitude and phase of each input to produce desired one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and rotational vestibular motions. The results demonstrate that the optimized BC inputs can generate 1D linear, 2D planar, and rotational motions with high directional accuracy. The deviations from the target axes were consistently below the known psychophysical thresholds for motion perception. This computational study confirms the feasibility of using multi-site BC stimulation to achieve precise and configurable vestibular actuation, offering a significant improvement over existing techniques.

An innovative approach to improve the fidelity of low-frequency lateral motion cueing within full-flight simulators for non-maneuvering aircraft is presented. On the basis of the perception peculiarities by the human vestibular system of movement along the roll, the problem of low-frequency motion cueing of lateral movement by motion systems of flight simulators was formulated and solved. The critical challenge of simulating the set of angular motion cues that pilots perceive during flights is decided. This research highlights two key outcomes. The fourth-order low-pass filter effectively extracts low-frequency motion cues from aircraft motion kinematic parameters, enhancing simulation accuracy. Secondly, proposed method significantly expands the range of simulated motion cues while ensuring their synchronization with high-frequency motion cues along relevant degrees of freedom. This formulation of the problem increases the range of simulated motion cues to ±0,3nz, which practically corresponds to the range of simulated motion cues of a transport aircraft, and thus increases the quality of motion cueing. The implementation of the developed method on the An-72TK-200 full flight simulator confirmed its effectiveness.  In conclusion, this study introduces a promising methodology that enhances the quality of motion cueing, thus rendering flight simulations more realistic and beneficial for both pilots and aerospace engineering researchers in the real of non-maneuvering aircraft flight simulators.

Frontiers | Vestibular Function After the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes: A Retrospective Chart Review #### Neuro-Otology Published inFrontiers in Neurology 3.3 impact factor5.4 citescore ## HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY article Front. Neurol., 22 January 2021 Sec. Neuro-Otology Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.626613 # Vestibular Function After the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes: A Retrospective Chart Review 1. Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 2. Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan 3. Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan - See more Article metrics View details ## Abstract This retrospective chart review aimed to examine both the vestibular function and causes of dizziness experienced by individuals following a series of major earthquakes and repetitive aftershocks. All patients with balance disorders who experienced the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes and their aftershocks completed questionnaires relevant to bal

Post-earthquake dizziness syndrome following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, Japan | PLOS One Browse Subject Areas ? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here. - Reader Comments - Figures ## Figures ## Abstract This study aimed to examine the types and causes of dizziness experienced by individuals after a major earthquake. This cross-sectional study enrolled healthy participants who experienced the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes and their aftershocks. Participants completed a questionnaire survey on their symptoms and experiences after the earthquakes. The primary outcome was the occurrence of dizziness and the secondary outcome was the presence of autonomic dysfunction and anxiety. Among 4,231 eligible participants, 1,543 experienced post-earthquake dizziness. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (≥21, P < .001), female sex (P < .001), floor on which the individual was at the time (≥3, P = .007), tinnitus/ear fullness (P < .001), anxiety (P < .001), symptoms related to autonomic dysfunction (P = .04), and prior history of motion sickness (P = .002) were significantly associate

Post-earthquake dizziness syndrome (PEDS): A comprehensive review of recent advances - ScienceDirect [Skip to main content](#screen-reader-main-content)[Skip to article](#screen-reader-main-title) [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/) [My account](https://www.sciencedirect.com/user/login?targetURL=/science/article/pii/S0385814625000483&from=globalheader) [Sign in](https://www.sciencedirect.com/user/institution/login?targetURL=/science/article/pii/S0385814625000483) * [View**PDF**](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0385814625000483/pdfft?md5=af4fb9df263e0181fa8c3a40bebd8a83&pid=1-s2.0-S0385814625000483-main.pdf) * Download full issue Search ScienceDirect ## Outline 1. [Abstract](#abs0001) 2. [Keywords](#keys0001) 3. [1. Introduction](#sec0001) 4. [2. Pathophysiology of PEDS](#sec0002) 5. [3. Building types and PEDS](#sec0003) 6. [4. Earthquake characteristics and PEDS](#sec0004) 7. [5. Strategies for mitigation and management of PEDS](#sec0005) 8. [6. Limitations](#sec0006) 9. [7. Conclusions](#sec0007) 10. [Authors contributions](#sec0008) 11. [Declarati

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