Metals can carry a net negative charge in electrides and negatively charged atomic clusters
Multiple studies and reviews confirm that electrides are ionic materials featuring interstitial electrons that function as negative anions, and advanced compounds can even host transition metals in exceptionally negative oxidation states.
The provided literature consistently supports the claim that electrides involve electrons acting as anions (interstitial anionic electrons) and that specific extreme compositions can drive metals into highly negative charge or oxidation states.
Meng W, Tian L, Zhou F, Mo Z, Jiao Y, Wang S, Jiang J, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang G, Wang X. 1D Magnetic Topological Inorganic Electrides.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202418904
Paper 0 discusses inorganic electrides characterized by interstitial anionic electrons acting as anions.
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Guo Z, Meng W, Zhang Q, Cheng X, Wang S, Jiao Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Yang T. 3D Topological Inorganic Electrides: Screening, Properties, and Applications.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202507469
Paper 1 describes 3D inorganic electrides featuring interstitial electron networks.
Liu C, Mukta MM, Kang B, Zhu Q. Semiconducting Electrides Derived from Sodalite: A First-Principles Study.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c09513
Paper 2 defines electrides as ionic crystals with electrons acting as anions occupying lattice sites.
Li Q, Yang Q, Han S, Li F, Yao Y, Yang G. High-Pressure Stability and Electronic Properties of Sodium-Rich Nitrides: Insights from First-Principles Calculations.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202401150
Paper 3 details sodium-rich nitrides acting as electrides with interstitial anionic electrons.
Geng S, Wang X, Guo R, Qiu C, Chen F, Wang Q, Li K, Hao P, Liang H, Huang Y, Wu Y, Cui S, Sun Z, Kim TK, Cacho C, Dessau DS, Zhou BT, Li H. Experimental realization of dice-lattice flat band at the Fermi level in layered electride YCl.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69049-0
Paper 4 investigates the van der Waals electride [YCl]2+: 2e- containing an anionic electron lattice.
Zhang X, Wang S, Bergara A, Du X, Yang G. Li-F polarity-driven stabilization of -VII oxidation state of gold at high pressure.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67973-1
Paper 5 demonstrates a ternary electride stabilizing gold with paired interstitial anionic electrons and highly negative oxidation states.
Sun F, Guo Z, Lu Y, Li J, Ye TN, Hosono H, Wu J. Electrides: Emerging electronic materials for catalysis.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.026
Paper 6 reviews electrides where unbound electrons act as anions within periodic lattice vacancies.
Henry Rzepa. Electrides (aka solvated electrons).. 2015. https://doi.org/10.59350/j5a97-zx524
Paper 8 notes that in electrides, electrons act as the negative anion equivalent.
Henry Rzepa. Electrides (aka solvated electrons).. 2015. https://doi.org/10.59350/4y03p-yj827
Paper 9 reiterates that in electrides, electrons function as negative anions.
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