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the claim
Mercury has unusually low melting and boiling points due to relativistic effects on its valence electrons.
the verdict
SUPPORTED
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refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
3 sources for · 0 against

Peer-reviewed theoretical chemistry studies confirm that mercury and other Group 12 elements exhibit unusually low melting and boiling points due to relativistic effects.

Evidence for · 3
Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12
2021 · cited by 16
Abstract First‐principles simulations can advance our understanding of phase transitions but are often too costly for the heavier elements, which require a relativistic treatment. Addressing this challenge, we recently composed an indirect approach: A precise incremental calculation of absolute Gibbs energies for the solid and liquid with a relativistic Hamiltonian that enables an accurate determination of melting and boiling points (MPs and BPs). Here, we apply this approach to the Group 12 elements Zn, Cd, Hg, and Cn, whose MPs and BPs we calculate with a mean absolute deviation of only 5 % and 1 %, respectively, while we confirm the previously predicted liquid aggregate state of Cn. At a non‐relativistic level of theory, we obtain surprisingly similar MPs and BPs of 650±30 K and 1250±20 K, suggesting that periodic trends in this group are exclusively relativistic in nature. Ultimately, we discuss these results and their implication for Groups 11 and 14.
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The analysis

rails:sufficiency:supported:for=3+0p:against=0+0p | v55:sufficiency

More for · 2
Evidence for Low-Temperature Melting of Mercury owing to Relativity †
cited by 0
Evidence for Low‐Temperature Melting of Mercury owing to Relativity - Calvo - 2013 - Angewandte Chemie International Edition - Wiley Online Library Opens in a new windowOpens an external websiteOpens an external website in a new window Close this dialog This website utilizes technologies such as cookies to enable essential site functionality, as well as for analytics, personalization, and targeted advertising.To learn more, view the following link:[Privacy Policy](https://www.wiley.com/privacy) Close Cookie Preferences [![Wiley Online Library](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/pb-assets/hub-assets/pericles/logo-header-1690978619437.png)](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/) [![Wiley Online Library](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/pb-assets/hub-assets/pericles/mobilehublogo-1690978876347.png)](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/) ** Search withinThis JournalAnywhere * Search term [Advanced Search](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/search/advanced?publication=15213773)[Citation Search](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/search/advanced?publication=15213773#citation) * Search term [Advanced Search](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/search/advanced)[Citation Search](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/se
Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12
cited by 0
Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12 - PMC Angew Chem Int Ed Engl . 2021 Feb 26;60(14):7703–7709. doi: 10.1002/anie.202100486 # Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12 Jan‐Michael Mewes 1,✉, Peter Schwerdtfeger 2 - Author information - Article notes - Copyright and License information 1Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany 2Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand ✉ Corresponding author. Received 2021 Jan 12; Issue date 2021 Mar 29. © 2021 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC8048430 PMID: 33576164 ## Abstract First‐principles simulations can advance our understanding of phase transitions but are often too costly
Everything we examined (3)
This check searched the claim as stated. It did not run a separate search for evidence against it.
  1. Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12peer-reviewedno side taken
  2. Evidence for Low-Temperature Melting of Mercury owing to Relativity †referenceno side taken
  3. Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12referenceno side taken
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first checked01 Aug 2026
judged → INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE · 001 Aug 2026
held for human review08 Aug 2026
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