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the claim
Massless particles can exert a force
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
4 sources for · 0 against

Multiple physics studies confirm that massless particles, such as photons, carry momentum and exert observable forces (radiation pressure) when interacting with matter.

Evidence for · 4
Thermodynamics of radiation pressure and photon momentum
2017 · cited by 11
This study discusses radiation pressure and photon momentum, establishing that electromagnetic radiation consisting of massless photons exerts pressure and force.
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The analysis

The claim states that massless particles can exert a force. Papers [1], [2], [3], and [8] directly deal with photon momentum, radiation pressure, optical forces, and momentum transfer mediated by electromagnetic fields (photons being massless particles). All of these sources support the assertion that massless particles exert forces. There are no refuting papers.

More for · 3
Photon chiral memory effect stored on celestial sphere
2023 · cited by 9
The paper explains how photons carry angular momentum and induce optical forces and torques.
Microscopic theory of photon-induced energy, momentum, and angular momentum transport in the nonequilibrium regime
2021 · cited by 7
Using a microscopic theory, this paper calculates the force and momentum transfer mediated by fluctuating electromagnetic fields and photons.
Controlling the sign of optical forces using metaoptics.
2026 · cited by 1
The work demonstrates the exertion of net optical forces using meta-optics interacting with optical fields.
Everything we examined (12)
  1. Radiation reaction in electron–beam interactions with high-intensity laserspeer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  2. Thermodynamics of radiation pressure and photon momentumpeer-reviewedsupports
  3. Photon chiral memory effect stored on celestial spherepeer-reviewedsupports
  4. Microscopic theory of photon-induced energy, momentum, and angular momentum transport in the nonequilibrium regimepeer-reviewedsupports
  5. Topological Defects Created by Gamma Rays in a Carbon Nanotube Bilayer.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  6. Thermionics in Topological Materials.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  7. Developments in Nanopatterning of Graphene; Toward Direct Writing.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  8. Ultrafast 4D Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy for Imaging of Localized Optical Fields.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  9. Controlling the sign of optical forces using metaoptics.peer-reviewedsupports
  10. Near-Horizon Carnot Engines Beyond Schwarzschild: Exploring Black Brane Thermodynamics.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  11. Thermodynamics of the Primordial Universe.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
  12. Screened axio-dilaton cosmology: novel forms of early dark energy.peer-reviewedno side takennot shown: read and judged not to bear on this claim
The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked05 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 8205 Aug 2026
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