The September-October 1997 seismic sequence in the Umbria-Marche regions of Central Italy has been one of the stronger seismic events to occur in Italy over the last thirty years, with a maximum magnitude of Mw = 6.1. Over the last three years, a collection of evidence was carried out regarding non-seismic phenomena, by interviewing local residents using a questionnaire. One particular observation of anomalous animal behaviour, confirmed by many witnesses, concerned a herd of cows, which descended from a mountain close to the streets of a village near the epicentre, a few days before the main shock. Testimonies were collected using a specific questionnaire including data on earthquake lights, spring variations, human diseases, and irregular animal behaviour. The questionnaire was compiled after the L'Aquila earthquake in 2009, and was based upon past historical earthquake observations. A possible explanation for the cows' behavior-local air ionization caused by stress-activated positive holes-is discussed.

earthquake flash, is a reported luminous phenomenon that is said to be associated with tectonic stress, seismic activity, or volcanic eruptions. Reports An earthquake light, also known as earthquake lightning or an earthquake flash, is a reported luminous phenomenon that is said to be associated with tectonic stress, seismic activity, or volcanic eruptions. Reports describe flashes, glows, luminous orbs, sheet-like lights, streamers, and other transient lights observed before, during, or after earthquakes and at varying distances from earthquake s An earthquake light, also known as earthquake lightning or an earthquake flash, is a reported luminous phenomenon that is said to be associated with tectonic stress, seismic activity, or volcanic eruptions. Reports describe flashes, glows, luminous orbs, sheet-like lights, streamers, and other transient lights observed before, during, or after earthquakes and at varying distances from earthquake sites. Experts differ on whether the reports describe a single real phenomenon, multiple unrelated phenomena, or misidentified natural and artificial light sources, and there is no consensus on a confirmed geological mechanism. Some authors use the term more narrowly for lights reported close in time to seismic events, rather than for unexplained lights merely observed near faults or in earthquake-prone regions. Reports of luminous phenomena associated with earthquakes go back to ancient historical accounts, while described photographic examples came from the 1960s Matsushiro earthquake swarm in Japan. Later reports and recordings have accompanied earthquakes in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, though many individual cases remain difficult to evaluate because of limited images, eyewitness uncertainty, coinciding weather, and electrical-grid failures. Proposed explanations have included piezoelectricity, electrokinetic effects, triboelectric or fracture-electrification mechanisms, and rock-stress ionization models; other reported lights have been attributed to non-seismic causes such as lightning, arcing power lines, or power-grid disturbances. Luminous phenomena associated with earthquakes have been reported for millennia, as early as the 4th century BCE. Donga Science said that sixty-five reports of "earthquake-related aerial luminescence" between the 18th and 20th centuries were made across the Americas and Europe. Reports of lights before earthquakes were also associated with the 1995 Hanshin earthquake. After the 1999 İzmit earthquake in Turkey, a report circulated claiming volcanic activity in the Sea of Marmara near Çınarcık, including "fireballs", dead fish, burned nets, and rocks described as "magmatic". The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program…

Summary.-Statistical analyses were conduaed to test the model thar a discriminable portion of luminous phenomena now classified under the gross rubric of UFOs (unidentified flying objects) are coupled with tectonic strainseismic activity. Various correlational methods involving over 20,000 UFO reports between 1951 and 1965 for six earthquake sectors of the U.S.A. indicated chat the combined numbers of seismic events during 6-mo. priods within the northeastern, eastern and central regions were correlated as much as 0.70 with UFO report numbers during previous 6-mo. intervals (UFO report-seismic event lag = -1). Other lags as well as correlations with total U.S.A. seismic numbers were not statistically significant. Several specific statistical evaluations were completed. Transient, luminous displays with odd geometries and kinetics have been called UFOs (unidentified flying objects) or a related metaphor (Persinger, 1976). Despite statistical analysis demonstrating that some of the variability in numbers of UFORs (UFO reports) is subject to demographic variables (Saunders, 1975), the stimulus sources for many UFORs are still unclear. The dilemma has been antagonized by many difficulties, including the absence of quantitative and testable models. Although confounding factors from human behaviors, such as labeling artifacts and memory modifications (Persinger, 1979a), remain a persistent source of variance in numbers (and details) of UFORs, a geophysical stimulus may account for

The question that arises in this study is whether there is a potential relationship between the formation of ball lightning (BL) or plasmoids that occur in the atmosphere before earthquakes. Luminous phenomena occur in various parts of the world and a few years ago they are attracting the interest of a growing number of scientists. The physical mechanism that regulates the luminous phenomenon has not yet been fully understood and various hypotheses are being formulated in this regard. The anomalous luminous phenomena in the atmosphere show to have a relationship with the orientation of faults in tectonically active areas and with magnetic anomalies, but also in correspondence of hydrocarbon deposits. The light balls consist of "spheres" of different sizes, stationary or in motion with variable speeds. The ball lightning, by constitution, can be associated with plasmas that violate their neutrality condition, and manifest themselves in particular areas of the earth globe such as in Texas, Norway and the Po Valley and the Northern Apennines in Italy, which represent the area of research investigation. The spectrography of the light balls indicates the presence of gases such as hydrogen, oxygen and methane, associated with local seismic activity.

Geophysical variables and behavior: LIV. Zeitoun (Egypt) apparitions of the Virgin Mary as tectonic strain-induced luminosities. Temporal analyses were completed between the occurrence of intense displays of exotic luminous phenomena over a church in Zeitoun (Egypt) during the years 1968 through 1969 and regional seismicity. These phenomena, viewed by thousands of onlookers, began one year before an unprecedented increase (factor of 10) in seismic activity about 400 km to the southeast. Monthly analyses also demonstrated a moderate (0.56) correlation between increases in seismicity and the occurrence of luminous phenomena during the same or previous month. These results were interpreted as further support for the hypothesis that most anomalous (terrain-related) luminous phenomena are generated by factors associated with tectonic strain. Published in Perceptual and motor skills (1989)

The role of precipitation as a modulator of processes that influence the numbers of reports of anomalous luminous phenomena was investigated within the San Francisco Basin for the years 1950 through 1969. More than 50% of the variance in the numbers of these reports was accommodated by the amount of rainfall during the months of January. The relationship was strongest for events within 100 km of the city. Years in which January rainfall exceeded 8.5 in. and the numbers of earthquakes within the basin increased were associated with the largest numbers of general reports within 400 km from the city, particularly if the previous year had been drier and displayed Jess seismic activity. Application of the equation to years 1970 through 1995 predicted that above average ( z score >1.5) numbers of luminous displays should have occurred during the years 1973, 1993, and 1995. The results support the corollary of the tectonic strain theory that fluid injection or hydrological loads, natural or man-made, can affect the processes of tectonic strain which facilitate the creation of unusual luminous phenomena.

Este estudo propõe uma hipótese com fundamentos geofísicos que relaciona relatos históricos do início do século I sobre fenômenos atmosféricos luminosos na região do Mar Morto com emissões eletromagnéticas ativadas por tensão, associadas à atividade sísmica ao longo da Falha Transformante do Mar Morto (FTM). Avaliamos a transdução de energia mecânica em elétrica por meio da ativação piezoelétrica e de buracos-p. Cálculos de ordem de grandeza indicam que a energia eletrostática disponível em um volume crustal sob tensão pode atingir ~10^11 J, excedendo o limiar de ruptura dielétrica atmosférica (3 x 10^6 V/m). A convergência de registros sedimentares e da física de semicondutores sugere uma estrutura quantificável para Fenômenos Luminosos Transientes (FLT) consistente com os princípios geofísicos conhecidos. Transparency Note: This work was developed with the support of artificial intelligence for technical formatting, translation, and order-of-magnitude verification.

The question that arises in this study is whether there is a potential relationship between the formation of ball lightning (BL) or plasmoids that occur in the atmosphere before earthquakes. Luminous phenomena occur in various parts of the world and a few years ago they are attracting the interest of a growing number of scientists. The physical mechanism that regulates the luminous phenomenon has not yet been fully understood and various hypotheses are being formulated in this regard. The anomalous luminous phenomena in the atmosphere show to have a relationship with the orientation of faults in tectonically active areas and with magnetic anomalies, but also in correspondence of hydrocarbon deposits. The light balls consist of "spheres" of different sizes, stationary or in motion with variable speeds. The ball lightning, by constitution, can be associated with plasmas that violate their neutrality condition, and manifest themselves in particular areas of the earth globe such as in Texas, Norway and the Po Valley and the Northern Apennines in Italy, which represent the area of research investigation. The spectrography of the light balls indicates the presence of gases such as hydrogen, oxygen and methane, associated with local seismic activity.

luminous phenomena and associated physical effects were produced by manifestations of tectonic strain that often precede by weeks to months seismic events Michael A. Persinger (June 26, 1945 – August 14, 2018) was an American-Canadian professor of psychology at Laurentian University, a position he had held from 1971 until his death in 2018. His best-known hypotheses include the temporal lobes of the human brain as the central correlate for mystical experiences, subtle changes in geomagnetic activity as mediators of parapsychological phenomena, the t Michael…

found during seismic activity: Metallic taste in mouth; usually associated with multiple metal … hallmarks and patterns which do seem to be associated with genuinely mysterious events that science … a variety of phenomena characterized as luminous spheres (or other shapes) of radiating

found during seismic activity: Metallic taste in mouth, usually associated with multiple metal … hallmarks and patterns which do seem to be associated with genuinely mysterious events that science … a variety of phenomena characterized as luminous spheres (or other shapes) of radiating