Sleep is vital for human health and wellbeing, and sleep disturbances are comorbid to many mental and physiological disorders. Music consistently improves subjective sleep quality, whereas results for objective sleep parameters diverge. These inconsistencies might be due to inter-individual differences. Here, 27 female subjects listened to either music or a control text before a 90 minutes nap in a within-subjects design. We show that music improved subjective sleep quality as compared to the text condition. In all participants, music resulted in a reduced amount of sleep stage N1 during the nap. In addition, music significantly increased the amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and increased the low/high frequency power ratio. However, these effects occurred only in participants with a low suggestibility index. We conclude that listening to music before a nap can improve subjective and objective sleep parameters in some participants.

<h4>Background</h4>Primary insomnia is one of the most common issues for adults. However, whether to use music intervention as a non-pharmacological method of treatment, as well as which treatment should be preferred, is still a matter of controversy. Therefore, we aimed to compare and rank music interventions and no-music controls for primary insomnia patients.<h4>Methods</h4>A network meta-analysis was used to identify evidence from relevant clinical trials. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Library for publications up to May 2017, pertaining to music intervention for primary insomnia patients. The prespecified primary outcome was sleep quality (scored by the PSQI and overall), and the secondary outcomes were sleep onset latency and sleep efficiency. We did pairwise meta-analyses using the random-effects model, later completing the random-effects network meta-analyses. The study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017064750.<h4>Results</h4>We deemed 20 trials to be eligible, involving 1339 patients and 12 intervention arms. For PSQI scores, all intervention arms were statistically more effective than the usual care, with patients ranking listening to music as the best means of intervention (SMD: -0.61, 95%CrI: -1.01 to -0.20). For overall sleep quality, only music-associated relaxation was statistically more effective than the patients' usual care (-0.28, -0.48 to -0.08). In terms of sleep onset latency, music-associated relaxation and listening to music had significant advantages (-0.26, -0.64 to -0.09, and -0.28, -0.53 to -0.02); listening to music and music with exercise displayed a tendency to improve sleep efficiency.<h4>Conclusions</h4>When considering the efficacy, music intervention seemed to offer clear advantages for adults with primary insomnia. Listening to music and music-associated relaxation are probably the best options to consider in the application of music intervention.

Knowledge on efficient ways to reduce presleep arousal and, therefore, improve sleep, is scanty. We explored the effects of presleep slow breathing and music listening conditions on sleep quality and EEG power spectral density in young adults in a randomized, controlled trial with a crossover design. Participants' (N = 20, 50% females) sleep was measured on two consecutive nights with polysomnography (40 nights), the other night serving as the control condition. The intervention condition was either a 30-minute slow breathing exercise or music listening (music by Max Richter: Sleep). The intervention and control conditions were placed in a random order. We measured heart rate variability prior to, during and after the intervention condition, and found that both interventions increased immediate heart rate variability. Music listening resulted in decreased N2 sleep, increased frontal beta1 power spectral density, and a trend towards increased N3 sleep was detected. In the slow breathing condition higher central delta power during N3 was observed. While some indices pointed to improved sleep quality in both intervention groups, neither condition had robust effects on sleep quality. These explorative findings warrant further replication in different populations.

<h4>Background</h4>Music interventions have several benefits for sleep quality. However, the effects of music interventions on sleep quality in older adults are controversial.<h4>Objective</h4>To summarize and evaluate the efficacy of music interventions on sleep quality in older adults.<h4>Methods</h4>The Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were systematically retrieved until June 2020, updated on March 13, 2021. Both experimental and quasi-experimental studies were included if they evaluated the efficacy of music interventions on sleep outcomes in older adults. The methodological quality was assessed by the Cochrane RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I Tool. The random effects models and effect measure (MD) were adopted, and sensitivity analysis by omitting each study was conducted to explore the source of heterogeneity.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 489 participants from 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. 6 studies were included in meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis, and 3 studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Main concerns about risk of bias were lack of blinding participants and investigators, and confounding factors might exist in non-RCTs. The Post-hoc meta-analysis indicated that music interventions might have a positive effect on sleep quality [MD = -2.64, 95 % CI (-3.76, -1.53), p <  0.001; I² = 75.0 %]. Only one study evaluated adverse events and reported zero discomfort.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The results indicated that music interventions might be beneficial for improving sleep quality, especially in sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency and sleep of daytime dysfunction in elderly individuals.

<h4>Objectives</h4>This review aimed to examine the available evidence about non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) aimed at improving sleep quality in older adults without insomnia or dementia.<b>Methods:</b> Studies on NPIs targeting older adults' sleep were searched in the PsycInfo, PubMed and Scopus databases, with no restriction on publication year up to September 2021. Studies on NPIs for older adults with no diagnosed sleep disorders were included, while those on pharmacological therapies and/or concerning pathological samples were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using tools based on Joanna Briggs' criteria. The data extracted were meta-analyzed using random effects models for subgroups of NPIs.<b>Results:</b> Of the 1,893 records identified, 31 studies on NPIs (<i>N</i> = 2,224; range of mean ages: 60-78 years) were analyzed. All NPIs improved self-reported sleep quality, albeit to a different extent (physical activity: <i>d</i>=.97 - 95% CI=.62, 1.32-; psychological/psychoeducational, or NPIs that combined more than one sleep-targeting activity: <i>d</i> range: .21 to .97). Only the NPIs based on physical activity improved objectively-measured sleep, <i>d</i>=.31 (.04, .57). The methodological quality of most studies was limited.<b>Conclusion:</b> The most often used NPIs targeting sleep rely on physical activity and sensory stimulation with promising results on sleep quality for the former. More data are needed on psychological/psychoeducational NPIs and combined interventions in order to test their effectiveness. The methodological weaknesses of the available studies suggest they their findings should be interpreted with caution.Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2056879.

<h4>Background</h4>Listening to music is often used as a self-help intervention to improve sleep quality, but its efficacy among individuals without sleep disorder remains unclear.<h4>Methods</h4>A search was performed on five databases to identify for studies that examined the use of music-based intervention to improve sleep quality among individuals without sleep disorder. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).<h4>Results</h4>Twenty-two articles which recruited 1,514 participants were included for review. Meta-analysis of six studies including 424 participants did not find an improvement in sleep quality among recipients of music-based intervention compared to those with standard care (mean difference: -0.80; 95% CI: -2.15 to 0.54, low-quality evidence). Subgroup analysis showed a clear improvement in sleep quality when interventions were administered for at least 3 weeks (-2.09; -3.84 to -0.34, n = 3). No difference in terms of sleep onset latency (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.32; 95% CI -0.88 to 0.25, n = 4, very-low quality evidence) and sleep efficiency (SMD: -0.59; 95% CI -3.15 to 1.97, n = 2, very-low quality evidence) were observed. The effect of music-based intervention on anxiety, depression and quality of life were mixed with suggestions of possible benefits.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Music-based intervention in addition to standard care appears to be a promising strategy to improve sleep quality when delivered for 3 week or longer. However, effects are inconsistent across studies and larger randomized controlled studies reporting long-term outcomes are needed before it can be recommended for routine use.<h4>Prospero registration</h4>CRD42018081193.

OBJECTIVE This pilot study aimed to determine the effects of experimenter-selected recorded music listening on depression and sleep quality in people with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS The single-masked, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 56 outpatients in a community mental health center in western Turkey, between January 2023 and July 2023. The music listening intervention was carried out for eight weeks, two sessions per week and 60 min per session. RESULTS The post-test and follow-up test depression and sleep quality scores of chronic schizophrenia patients in the music listening group were lower than the control group and the difference was statistically significant. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the depression levels of the patients in the music listening group from pre-test to post-test and from post-test to follow-up test. There was a significant improvement in sleep quality in the post-test compared to the pre-test, but there was no significant difference between the follow-up test and post-test scores. CONCLUSION Listening to pre-recorded Turkish rast makam music is a feasible, economical, safe, and non-invasive intervention, able to improve both depression and sleep quality in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Therefore, psychiatric nurses should use therapeutic music listening to reduce depression and increase sleep quality in patients.

This paper investigated why music may aid sleep. 161 university students completed an online survey about the reasons music aided or inhibited sleep. Responses were then analysed through directed content analysis. Six researcher proposed reasons for how music could potentially aid sleep were identified: (1) entrainment, (2) masking, (3) enjoyment, (4) distraction, (5) expectation and (6) relaxation. 84.47% of participants reported listening to music as a sleep aid. Relaxation and distraction were found to have the greatest influence on the participant's decision to use music as a sleep aid. However, distraction was also the most frequently reported reason for not listening to music for sleep because it could increase wakefulness. Expectation, masking and enjoyment were significantly under-represented as reasons to listen to music. Entrainment was significantly under-represented as both a reason for and for not listening to music. Relaxation appears to be a unique reason for music aiding but not hindering sleep and may have particular significance for research on music and sleep. The present study demonstrated the importance of teasing apart (a) how well known a particular approach is in connection with sleep versus (b) the utility of the same approach for sleep induction in comparison to perpetuating wakefulness.

<h4>Background</h4>Sleep disturbances are common among older adults, affecting up to 50% of this population and significantly impacting quality of life and health outcomes. Music therapy has been proposed as a non-pharmacological intervention to improve sleep quality in this population, but evidence regarding its effectiveness remains inconsistent across individual studies. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize available evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy interventions for improving sleep quality in elderly adults..<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. Major databases were searched for studies evaluating music interventions for sleep quality in adults aged 50 + years. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials (non-RCTs) were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool for RCTs and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for non-RCTs. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using both common effect and random effects models. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.<h4>Results</h4>The initial search retrieved 473 articles from electronic databases. After removing duplicates and screening, 10 studies (6 RCTs, 4 non-RCTs) published between 2010 and 2023 with 602 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The random effects model showed significant improvement in sleep quality with music therapy (SMD: -0.79; 95% CI, -1.25 to -0.33; P < .001). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 79%; Q = 42.54; P < .001). Subgroup analysis revealed significant benefits in RCTs (SMD: -0.59; 95% CI, -1.11 to -0.07) but not in non-RCTs (SMD: -1.08; 95% CI, -2.36 to 0.19). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of findings, and no publication bias was detected. GRADE assessment indicated very low certainty of evidence for both RCTs and non-RCTs due to risk of bias concerns and substantial heterogeneity.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Music therapy demonstrates significant improvement in sleep quality among older adults; however, the very low certainty of evidence based on GRADE assessment suggests caution in clinical recommendations. Future research should address methodological limitations, particularly regarding bias in outcome measurement and intervention implementation, to provide more definitive evidence for clinical practice guidelines.

<h4>Background</h4>Sleep disturbances are common in critically ill patients and increase delirium risk, leading to worse outcomes. Non-pharmacologic sleep interventions show mixed results, with limited randomized controlled trial (RCT) data in surgical ICU populations.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a prospective, single-blind randomized controlled trial in a surgical ICU to evaluate a multicomponent sleep enhancement protocol vs. usual care in patients aged ≥ 65 years with expected ICU stays > 24 h. The intervention included environmental modifications (noise and light reduction, closed doors, alarm adjustments) and patient-specific measures (earplugs, eye masks). Delirium incidence over 7 days was assessed using the Thai version of CAM-ICU by blinded evaluators. Sleep quality was measured daily with the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ). Bayesian methods estimated treatment effects and posterior probabilities of benefit.<h4>Results</h4>Of 177 patients analyzed (89 intervention, 88 control), delirium occurred in 10.1% of the intervention group vs. 17.0% in controls (Bayesian OR 0.55; 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.22-1.31; posterior probability of benefit 90.6%). In a predefined high-risk subgroup, delirium incidence was 14.0% vs. 30.0% (OR 0.38; 95% CrI 0.12-1.83; posterior probability of benefit 95.7%). Sleep quality scores and clinical outcomes did not differ significantly. Adherence was high for environmental modifications but moderate for earplugs and eye masks.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Among elderly surgical ICU patients, a multicomponent, non-pharmacologic sleep enhancement protocol was associated with a high posterior probability of reducing delirium during the early ICU period, despite no measurable improvement in subjective sleep quality. The findings are hypothesis-generating; given the protocol's simplicity and low risk, confirmation in larger multicenter trials with objective sleep measures and strategies to optimize adherence is warranted.<h4>Trial registration</h4>This study was registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR: https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org ) under the registration number TCTR20221129003, with the registration date of 29 November 2022. TCTR20221129003.

Introduction Music listening is used as a non-pharmacological intervention in various populations with positive results; however, evidence for its effect on sleep and psychological outcomes in critically ill patients remains unclear. It is essential to understand the impact of music listening for critically ill patients to optimise care and minimise the risk for harm. We will assess whether music listening improves sleep and psychological outcomes in critically ill patients.Methods and analysis We will systematically search scientific databases for relevant studies, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China Biological Medicine Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Library, Wan fang databases, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Databases will be searched for articles published from inception to 10 June 2020. Music therapy journals and reference lists in some articles will be hand-searched. Grey literature will also be searched. We will include randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials that used music listening to improve sleep and psychological outcomes in critically ill patients. The primary outcomes will be sleep-related outcomes, and secondary outcomes will be anxiety and depression scores and physiological outcomes. Two reviewers will independently verify study eligibility and methodological quality; disagree

participants who listened to music experienced better sleep quality than those who did not listen to music. Listening to slower-pace music before bed can A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder that disrupts an individual's sleep patterns and quality. This can cause serious health issues and affect physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Polysomnography and actigraphy are tests commonly ordered for diagnosing sleep disorders. Sleep disorders are classified by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders into insomnia disor Although more research should be done to increase the reliability of this method of treatment, research suggests that music therapy can improve sleep quality in acute and chronic sleep disorders. In one particular study, participants (18 years or older) who had experienced acute or chronic sleep disorders were put in a randomized controlled trial, and their sleep efficiency, in the form of overall time asleep, was observed. In order to assess sleep quality, researchers used subjective measures (i.e. questionnaires) and objective measures (i.e. polysomnography). The results of the study suggest that music therapy did improve sleep quality in subjects with acute or chronic sleep disorders, though only when tested…

ABSTRACT Background Sleep is essential to the recovery of patients in the intensive care unit. Patients in the intensive care unit frequently experience poor sleep, characterized by sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation and abnormal sleep architecture. Factors affecting sleep are multifactorial. Aim To investigate the effects of music on self‐reported quality of sleep during daytime rest among patients in the intensive care unit. Study design A randomized controlled trial. Methods The study was conducted between February and April 2016 in two Danish multidisciplinary intensive care units. The study sample consisted of 37 patients (19 in the control group and 18 in the intervention group) who complied with the criteria of inclusion for the study. Patients were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group listened to music for 30 min during daytime rest while the control group rested without music. The Richards‐Campbell Sleep Questionnaire was used to measure the subjective quality of sleep. Results Significant differences in the mean scores of the subjective quality of sleep were found between the intervention group and the control group ( p < 0·02). Significant differences were also found between groups in three items of sleep scores: sleep depth ( p < 0·02), awakenings ( p < 0·00) and the overall perceived quality of sleep ( p < 0·01). The perceived noise level score was higher in the intervention group compared with the contr

impact of music on sleep quality. As early as 2000 B.C., lullabies were designed to aid infant sleep. For adults with sleep-related disorders, music serves Sleep problems are found to be correlated with poor well-being and low quality of life. Persistent sleeping disturbances can lead to fatigue, irritability, and various health issues. Numerous studies have examined the positive impact of music on sleep quality. As early as 2000 B.C., lullabies were designed to aid infant sleep. For adults with sleep-related disorders, music serves as a useful inter Entrainment: The synchronization of certain biological processes such as neural activity or heart rate with the rhythmic structure of the music. When the rhythmic pattern of music aligns with the natural rhythm of the body, it is more likely to fall asleep quickly. Masking: Masking involves using music to mitigate the impact of noxious background noises. By listening to music at a comfortable volume, individuals can block those disruptive sounds from outside and create a peaceful sleeping environment. Enjoyment: Listening to preferred, emotionally relatable, or pleasant music can have a positive impact on mood. This induces positive emotions such as happiness, reducing the stress felt to enhance sleep patterns. Distraction: Music acts as a distractor to inner stressful thoughts, by providing a focal point of attention. Individuals focusing on the music itself can divert their attention away from worrying thoughts that are keeping them awake. Expectation: Individuals held the cultural belief that certain types of music can aid their sleep. This belief would act as a placebo effect rather than a direct contributor to sleep quality. They may improve subjective sleeping experience due to the power of suggestions. Relaxation: Music can induce relaxation response by reducing physiological and psychological stress. Slow tempo and calming melodies can reduce heart rate, decrease cortisol level, and alleviate tension. This makes individual easier to fall asleep.

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