Even the most advanced language models remain susceptible to errors necessitating to modify these models without initiating a comprehensive retraining process. Model editing refers to the modification of a model's knowledge or representations in a manner that produces the desired outcomes. Prior research primarily centered around editing factual data e.g."Messi plays for Inter Miami"confining the definition of an edit to a knowledge triplet i.e. (subject, object, relation). However, as the applications of language models expand, so do the diverse ways in which we wish to edit and refine their outputs. In this study, we broaden the scope of the editing problem to include an array of editing cases such as debiasing and rectifying reasoning errors and define an edit as any natural language expression that solicits a change in the model's outputs. We are introducing DUnE-an editing benchmark where edits are natural language sentences and propose that DUnE presents a challenging yet relevant task. To substantiate this claim, we conduct an extensive series of experiments testing various editing approaches to address DUnE, demonstrating their respective strengths and weaknesses. We show that retrieval-augmented language modeling can outperform specialized editing techniques and neither set of approaches has fully solved the generalized editing problem covered by our benchmark.
The star effect on attendance demand has been well documented in the literature. However, prior research has primarily relied on reported match attendance to assess the impact of superstars. Our study advances the literature by analyzing Lionel Messi’s impact on demand using secondary market ticket prices. Focusing on his 2023 transfer to Inter Miami, we quantify his impact on Major League Soccer, showing how elite talent shapes demand in emerging professional sport leagues. Our findings suggest that Messi’s arrival increased Inter Miami home game ticket prices by 1,113%–1,237% and Inter Miami away game ticket prices by 410%–477% in 2023. Additionally, we identify a spillover effect of Messi on ticket prices for matches not involving Inter Miami, though the impact varies by team, with many experiencing either insignificant or negative changes in home game prices after Messi’s arrival. These results offer valuable implications for team and league business operations.
Abstract:The world's most popular sport, soccer, has witnessed the transfer of some of its greatest stars from European clubs to the United States and Saudi Arabia. In July 2023, Lionel Messi left the French top club Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) to join Inter Miami in the Major League Soccer (MLS). Similarly, Cristiano Ronaldo transferred from Manchester United to Al Nassr at the end of 2022, which sparked a plethora of other star players in the summer of 2023 to join the Saudi Pro League, including Benzema from Real Madrid, Neymar from PSG, and Kante from Chelsea. This article discusses how the European center of global men's soccer is challenged by wealthy club owners in the United States and state-backed clubs in the Arabian Gulf.
Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi (born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Major League Soccer (MLS) club Inter Miami and the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history, Messi has set numerous records for individual accolades won throughout his professional footballing career, including eight Ballons d'
Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi (born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Major League Soccer (MLS) club Inter Miami and the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history, Messi has set numerous records for individual accolades won throughout his professional footballing career, including eight Ballons d'Or, six European Golden Shoes, and being named the world's best player by FIFA eight times. In 2025, he was named the All Time Men's World Best Player by the IFFHS. Messi is the most decorated player in the history of professional football, having won 46 team trophies. His records include most goals in a calendar year (91), most goals for a single club (672 for Barcelona), most goals in La Liga (474), most assists in the FIFA World Cup (12), and most assists in international football (65). Messi has scored over 920 senior career goals and provided over 410 assists for club and country, making him the second-highest goalscorer and the highest assist provider in the history of the sport.
In 2004, Messi made his competitive debut for Barcelona at age 17. He gradually established himself as an integral player for the club, and during his first uninterrupted season in 2008–09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football. This resulted in Messi winning the first of four consecutive Ballons d'Or, and by the 2011–12 season he had set the European record for most goals in a season and established himself as Barcelona's all-time top scorer. During the 2014–15 season, where he became the all-time top scorer in La Liga, he led Barcelona to a historic second treble, earning his fifth Ballon d'Or. Messi was named Barcelona's captain in 2018. While playing for the club, he won a club-record 34 trophies, including 10 La Liga titles and four UEFA Champions Leagues. Financial difficulties at Barcelona forced Messi to depart in 2021 and sign with Paris Saint-Germain. During the 2022–23 Ligue 1 season, he registered 16 goals and 16 assists in 32 matches, helping PSG win the Ligue 1 title for the second time since he signed with the club. He joined MLS club Inter Miami…
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