Limestone nodules in a clay soil horizon indicate the presence of underlying limestone bedrock
the verdict
INSUFFICIENT LEANING
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the weight of evidence
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Retrieved evidence documents that soil profiles can form directly over limestone bedrock and contain carbonate layers or clay derived from limestone, but does not establish that limestone nodules in a clay soil horizon universally indicate underlying limestone bedrock.
Clay Minerals in a Limestone Soil Profile | Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) | Cambridge Core Search Institution Login Search Hostname: page-component-66d9dcfd78-jd69p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-08-08T22:05:08.994Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home > Journals > Clays and clay technology (National Conference on Clays and Clay Technology) > Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) > Volume 2: Publication 327, University of Missouri,...
> Clay Minerals in a Limestone Soil Profile English Français Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) Article contents Abstract Footnotes References Clay Minerals in a Limestone Soil Profile Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2024 Dorothy Carroll and John C. Hathaway Show author details Dorothy Carroll Affiliation: U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, USA John C. Hathaway Affiliation: U. S.
Geological Survey, Washington, USA Article Metrics Article contents Abstract Footnotes References Get access Share Cite Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Abstract The clay minerals in a soil developed from Lenoir limestone (Ordovician) in Augusta County, Va., are kaolinite and chlorite. The Lenoir limestone contains clay partings consisting of hydrous mica, and the clay in the soil is considered to be residual from that in the parent limestone and modified by soil-forming processes (podzolic).
X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay fraction (<2 μ ) from samples from different positions in the profile show a reduction in hydrous mica and an increase in kaolinite and chlorite content as the A horizon is reached. Partial chemical analyses of the whole soil and of the clay fractions are given, as well as pH and ion-exchange capacity determinations. The silica-alumina ratios are similar to those characteristic of podzolic soils, and excess silica in the A horizon accumulates as recrystallized quartz together with chert which is considered to be residual from the limestone.
Mechanical analyses by the standard pipette method show that the quantity of clay in the soil varies from 17 percent at the surface to 61 percent at 26 inches ( C horizon). Information Type Article Information Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on
411 – 413 . CrossRef Google Scholar Deb , B. C , ( 1950 ) Estimation of free iron oxides in soils and clays and their removal : Soil Science Jour. , v. 1 , p. 212 – 220 . CrossRef Google Scholar Edmondson , R. S. ( 1945 ) Industrial limestones and dolomites in Virginia: Northern and central parts of the Shenandoah Valley : Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 65 , 195 p. Google Scholar Krederickson , A. F. ( 1952 ) The genetic significance of mineralogy : In “ Problems of clay and laterite genesis ,” Symposium, Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Eng. New York , p. 1 – 11 . Google Scholar Griffiths , J. C. ( 1952 ) Reaction relation in the finer-grained rocks : Clay Minerals Bull. v. 1 , p. 251 – 257 .
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. Clay Minerals in a Limestone Soil Profile Volume 2 Dorothy Carroll (a1) and John C. Hathaway (a1) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1953.0020115 Your Kindle email address Please provide your Kindle email. @free.kindle.com @kindle.com ( service fees apply ) Available formats PDF Please select a format to save.
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Find out more about saving content to Google Drive . Clay Minerals in a Limestone Soil Profile Volume 2 Dorothy Carroll (a1) and John C. Hathaway (a1) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1953.0020115 Available formats PDF Please select a format to save. By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services Please confirm that you accept the terms of use. Cancel Save × × Reply to: Submit a response Title * Please enter a title for your response.
Topsoil—the top layer of soil—is usually two to three inches deep, but this depth can vary considerably. For instance, river deltas like the Mississippi River delta have deep layers of topsoil. Topsoil is rich in organic material; microbial processes occur there, and it is the “workhorse” of plant production. The A horizon consists of a mixture of organic material with inorganic products of weathering, and it is therefore the beginning of true mineral soil. This horizon is typically darkly colored because of the presence of organic matter. In this area, rainwater percolates through the soil and carries materials from the surface. The B horizon is an accumulation of mostly fine material that has moved downward, resulting in a dense layer in the soil. In some soils, the B horizon contains nodules or a layer of calcium carbonate. The C horizon, or soil base, includes the parent material, plus the organic and inorganic material that is broken down to form soil. The parent material may be either created in its natural place, or transported from elsewhere to its present location. Beneath the C horizon lies bedrock.
Abstract This paper describes three Jamaican soils over limestone that are widely different in their genesis, morphology and classification. Following descriptions of the locations of the profiles, the environmental conditions governing their formation are discussed. Two of the profiles are derived from limestone; the third is developed in bauxite. In all three profiles intense weathering preceded actual soil formation. In profiles 1 and 2, weathering of the limestone rock through dissolution of CaCO3 resulted in the residual accumulation of clay minerals such as kaolinite and chlorite. The bauxite deposit in which profile 3 developed, represents a very advanced stage of weathering and desilication. The origin of the Jamaican bauxites is not clear, however. Soil formation in the two soils over limestone (an Ultisol and an Alfisol) is characterized by downward movement of clay, iron and organic matter and by the formation of an argillic horizon. Biological mixing, oxidation-reduction and formation of nodules are additional processes. One of these profiles shows a lithological discontinuity. In this soil, transformation of rock fragments (chert) into pseudo iron-manganese nodules has contributed to soil formation. We postulate that the dominant processes in the profile developed in bauxite (an Oxisol) are desilication and residual accumulation of oxides of aluminium and iron into an oxic horizon. Other soil-forming processes in this profile comprise biological activity, some ir
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