Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be described by a local SU(3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers”, is reviewed; the goal of this review is to provide advanced Ph.D. students a comprehensive handbook, helpful for their research. When QCD was “discovered” 50 years ago, the idea that quarks could exist, but not be observed, left most physicists unconvinced. Then, with the discovery of charmonium in 1974 and the explanation of its excited states using the Cornell potential, consisting of the sum of a Coulomb-like attraction and a long range linear confining potential, the theory was suddenly widely accepted. This paradigm shift is now referred to as the November revolution . It had been anticipated by the observation of scaling in deep inelastic scattering, and was followed by the discovery of gluons in three-jet events. The parameters of QCD include the running coupling constant, $$\alpha _s(Q^2)$$ α s ( Q 2 ) , that varies with the energy scale $$Q^2$$ Q 2 characterising the interaction, and six quark masses. QCD cannot be solved analytically, at least not yet, and the large value of $$\alpha _s$$ α s at low momentum transfers limits perturbative calculations to the high-energy region where $$Q^2\gg \varLambda _{{\textrm{QCD}}} ^2\simeq $$ Q 2 ≫ Λ QCD 2 ≃ (250 MeV) $$^2$$ 2 . Lattice QCD (LQCD), numerical calculations on a discretized space-time lattice, is discussed in detail, the dynamics of the QCD vacuum is visualized, and the expected spectra of mesons and baryons are displayed. Progress in lattice calculations of the structure of nucleons and of quantities related to the phase diagram of dense and hot (or cold) hadronic matter are reviewed. Methods and examples of how to calculate hadronic corrections to weak matrix elements on a lattice are outlined. The wide variety of analytical approximations currently in use, and the accuracy of these approximations, are reviewed. These methods range from the Bethe–Salpeter, Dyson–Schwinger coupled relativistic equations, which are formulated in both Minkowski or Euclidean spaces, to expansions of multi-quark states in a set of basis functions using light-front coordinates, to the AdS/QCD method that imbeds 4-dimensional QCD in a 5-dimensional deSitter space, allowing confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking to be described in a novel way. Models that assume the number of colors is very large, i.e. make use of the large $$N_c$$ N c -limit, give unique insights. Many other techniques that are tailored to specific problems, such as perturbative expansions for high energy scattering or approximate calculations using the operator product expansion are discussed. The very powerful effective field theory techniques that are successful for low energy nuclear systems (chiral effective theory), or for non-relativistic systems involving heavy quarks, or the treatment of gluon exchanges between energetic, collinear partons encountered in jets, are discussed. The spectroscopy of mesons and baryons has played an important historical role in the development of QCD. The famous X,Y,Z states – and the discovery of pentaquarks – have revolutionized hadron spectroscopy; their status and interpretation are reviewed as well as recent progress in the identification of glueballs and hybrids in light-meson spectroscopy. These exotic states add to the spectrum of expected $$q{{\bar{q}}}$$ q q ¯ mesons and qqq baryons. The progress in understanding excitations of light and heavy baryons is discussed. The nucleon as the lightest baryon is discussed extensively, its form factors, its partonic structure and the status of the attempt to determine a three-dimensional picture of the parton distribution. An experimental program to study the phase diagram of QCD at high temperature and density started with fixed target experiments in various laboratories in the second half of the 1980s, and then, in this century, with colliders. QCD the

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be a powerful tool for a variety of physics topics. The high-intensity proton beams provide a large neutrino flux, sampled by a near detector system consisting of a combination of capable precision detectors, and by the massive far detector system located deep underground. This configuration sets up DUNE as a machine for discovery, as it enables opportunities not only to perform precision neutrino measurements that may uncover deviations from the present three-flavor mixing paradigm, but also to discover new particles and unveil new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model (SM). Of the many potential beyond the Standard Model (BSM) topics DUNE will probe, this paper presents a selection of studies quantifying DUNE's sensitivities to sterile neutrino mixing, heavy neutral leptons, non-standard interactions, CPT symmetry violation, Lorentz invariance violation, neutrino trident production, dark matter from both beam induced and cosmogenic sources, baryon number violation, and other new physics topics that complement those at high-energy colliders and significantly extend the present reach.

Abstract We have used the SmallGroups library of groups, together with the computer algebra systems GAP and Mathematica , to search for groups with a three-dimensional irreducible representation in which one of the group generators has a twice-degenerate eigenvalue while another generator has non-degenerate eigenvalues. By assuming one of these group generators to commute with the charged-lepton mass matrix and the other one to commute with the neutrino (Dirac) mass matrix, one derives group-theoretical predictions for the moduli of the matrix elements of either a row or a column of the lepton mixing matrix. Our search has produced several realistic predictions for either the second row, or the third row, or for any of the columns of that matrix.

The flavor physics in unified gauge theory from an S_3*P discrete symmetry We investigate the phenomenological implication of the discrete symmetry S_3*P on flavor physics in SO(10) unified theory. We construct a minimal renormalizable model which reproduces all the masses and mixing angle of both quarks and leptons. As usually the SO(10) symmetry gives up to relations between the down sector and the charged lepton masses. The underlining discrete symmetry gives a contribution (from the charged lepton sector) to the PMNS mixing matrix which is bimaximal. This gives a strong correlation between the down quark and charged lepton masses, and the lepton mixing angles. We obtain that the small entries V_{ub}, V_{cb}, V_{td}, and V_{ts} in the CKM matrix are related to the small value of the ratio "dm^2_{sol}/dm^2_{atm}": they come from both the S_2*P structure of our model and the small ratio of the other quark masses with respect to m_t. Published as: Int.J.Theor.Phys.45:1267-1277,2006 DOI: 10.1007/s10773-006-9126-z arXiv categories: hep-ph

elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum In particle physics, flavour or flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavours of quarks and six flavours of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavour quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles. They can also be described by some of the family symmetries proposed for the quark-lepton generations. In classical mechanics, a force acting on a point-like particle can alter only the particle's dynamical state, meaning its momentum, angular momentum, and so forth. Quantum field theory, however, allows interactions that can alter other facets of a particle's nature described by non-dynamical, discrete quantum numbers. In particular, the action of the weak force is such that it allows the conversion of quantum numbers describing mass and electric charge of both quarks and leptons from one discrete type to another. This is known as a flavour change, or flavour transmutation. Due to their quantum description, flavour states may also undergo quantum superposition. In atomic physics the principal quantum number of an electron specifies the electron shell in which it resides, which determines the energy level of the whole atom. Analogously, the five flavour quantum numbers (isospin, strangeness, charm, bottomness or topness) can characterize the…

of light c, the Planck constant h, the 9 Yukawa couplings for the quarks and leptons (equivalent to specifying the rest mass of these elementary particles) A physical constant is a non-varying quantity that appears in a theory or model of some physical phenomena. Some physical constants appear in models of fundamental phenomena and impact many parts of physics. These constants include the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant h, the electric constant ε0, and the elementary charge e for examples. Tables of the n the gravitational constant G, the speed of light c, the Planck constant h, the 9 Yukawa couplings for the quarks and leptons (equivalent to specifying the rest mass of these elementary particles), 2 parameters of the Higgs field potential, 4 parameters for the quark mixing matrix, 3 coupling constants for the gauge groups SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) (or equivalently, two coupling constants and the Weinberg angle), a phase for the quantum chromodynamics vacuum. The number of 19 independent fundamental physical constants is subject to change under possible extensions of the Standard Model, notably by the introduction of neutrino mass (equivalent to seven additional constants, i.e. 3 Yukawa couplings and 4 lepton mixing parameters). The discovery of variability in any of these constants would be equivalent to the discovery of "new physics". The question as to which constants are "fundamental" is neither straightforward nor meaningless, but a question of interpretation of the physical theory regarded as fundamental; as pointed out by Lévy-Leblond (1977), not all physical constants are of the same importance, with some having a deeper role than others. Lévy-Leblond (1977) proposed a classification schemes of three types of constants:

Family replicated fit of all quark and lepton masses and mixings We review our recent development of family replicated gauge group model, which generates the Large Mixing Angle MSW solution. The model is based on each family of quarks and leptons having its own set of gauge fields, each containing a replica of the Standard Model gauge fields plus a (B-L)-coupled gauge field. A fit of all the seventeen quark-lepton mass and mixing angle observables, using just six new Higgs field vacuum expectation values, agrees with the experimental data order of magnitudewise. However, this model can not predict the baryogenesis in right order, therefore, we discuss further modification of our model and present a preliminary result of baryon number to entropy ratio. Published as: Lect.Notes Phys. 616 (2003) 106-118 arXiv categories: hep-ph

Despite its numerous successes, the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is known to be incomplete. In this thesis, we explore a variety of topics regarding physics beyond the SM (BSM). In the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), the leptons and Higgs have separate superpartners; however, it is possible to construct a model where the Higgs is the superpartner of one generation of left-handed leptons. In Chapter 2, we explore various implications of this Higgs-as-slepton model, in particular on electroweak precision and neutrino experiments. In Chapter 3, we use the model to explain various excesses reported in leptoquark and W' searches by the CMS experiment in 2014. These excesses were observed in electron but not muon channels, hence suggesting the violation of lepton universality, a hallmark of the model. In Chapter 4, we propose a supersymmetric left-right symmetric (SUSY LRS) model that can explain various excesses reported in W' searches by the CMS and ATLAS experiments around 2014-2015, but at the same time generate a large tree-level Higgs mass, hence resolving the usual issue of the Higgs mass being too small in the MSSM. In the most basic SUSY LRS model, a large Higgs mass also requires a large tan(beta) (the ratio of the two Higgs vacuum expectation values in the model), whereas the excesses seem to favour a smaller value. We resolve this tension by introducing heavy down-type vector-like quarks that mix with the light quarks; a large tan(beta) can now

Flavor remains one of the most successful yet least understood structures of the Standard Model. The discovery of the Higgs boson completed the electroweak account of mass generation, but did not explain the origin of fermion families, mass hierarchies, or mixing patterns. In this sense, flavor can be regarded as an empirically successful but conceptually incomplete structure. Neutrinos occupy a particularly sensitive place within this problem: their masses are tiny, their mixing is large, and their mass-generation mechanism may differ from that of charged fermions. In this article, we discuss flavor as an open conceptual problem and argue that DUNE, as a phased program spanning precision oscillation measurements and sensitivity to BSM and dark-sector phenomena, provides a powerful framework for testing the self-consistency and possible limits of the present three-flavor description. In particular, the complementarity between the long-baseline program and the Phase I near-detector complex, together with the DUNE-PRISM strategy for controlling interaction-model systematics and enabling data-driven near-to-far predictions, makes DUNE especially well-suited to search for small, correlated departures from the minimal flavor framework.

consists of electrons, u quarks and d quarks. But beyond the u quarks, d quarks and electrons lies a new … The three families of leptons and quarks. A pair of leptons and a pair of quarks are combined to form … parity for leptons and quarks is very easy to describe. Only the left-handed leptons and quarks interact

composite mod- els of leptons and quarks Ne The idea is that the leptons and quarks are composed of several … composite structure for the leptons and quarks make any sence, the leptons and quarks must behave in a similar … Composite Models of Quarks and Leptons .............ceeeeeess 355 H. Fritzsch Leptons and Quarks as Composite

The first part of this report is dedicated to the CP-violation in the sector of B quarks and to its experimental proof through 2 major equipment: the B meson factory PEP-2 and the detector BABAR. The second part deals with the background noise generated by PEP-2. The third part presents the study of the oscillations of neutral B mesons with the detector BABAR. The study of the background noise shows important differences between the experimental data and the simulation. These differences are thought to be due on one hand to the lack of accuracy of pressure models that set the normalisation of the simulated background noise, and on the other hand to the absence of simulation of particles that undergo Coulomb diffusion and do more than a lap before bumping into the void tube. The second hypothesis is backed by the evaluation of the collimation effect of the beam that appears to be more important in experimental data than in the simulation. Among the main results given by the BABAR collaboration, the measurement of the oscillation frequency of the neutral B meson is very important. This measurement is based on semi-leptonic decays of B mesons in order to tag the favour of neutral B mesons at the very moment of their decay. The data analysis was performed over 2.3 106 decays of B meson pairs and we obtained: Δmd = (0.495 ± 0.026 ± 0.023) ℎps-1. The accuracy on the value of Δmd could be improved by using tagging methods based on the semi-exclusive then exclusive reconstruction of