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the claim

Individuals can be reinfected with the same strain of a virus.

the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
Recorded sources
5 sources for · 0 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Multiple clinical and epidemiological studies confirm that individuals can experience reinfection with viral strains, often facilitated by waning host immunity or pathogen evolution.

The analysis

The retrieved literature contains several clinical and modeling studies documenting viral reinfections and reinfection mechanisms, directly supporting the claim.

Evidence for · 5
<i>Clostridioides difficile</i>Whole-genome Sequencing Differentiates Relapse With the Same Strain From Reinfection With a New Strain
Recorded source metadata

Janice Cho, Scott Cunningham, Meng Pu, Ryan J Lennon, Jennifer Dens Higano, Patricio Jeraldo, Priya Sampathkumar, Samantha Shannon, Purna C Kashyap, Robin Patel. <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>Whole-genome Sequencing Differentiates Relapse With the Same Strain From Reinfection With a New Strain. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa159

Whole-genome sequencing differentiated patient relapse from reinfection with the same or new strains.

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More for · 4
Dynamics of a dual SARS-CoV-2 strain co-infection on a prolonged viral shedding COVID-19 case: insights into clinical severity and disease duration
Recorded source metadata

Nicole Pedro, C. N. Silva, A. C. Magalhães, B. Cavadas, A. M. Rocha, A. C. Moreira, M. Gomes, Diogo Silva, J. Sobrinho-Simões, A. Ramos, M. J. Cardoso, R. Filipe, Pedro Palma, F. Ceia, Susana Silva, J. T. Guimarães, António Sarmento, V. Fernandes, L. Pereira, Margarida Tavares. Dynamics of a dual SARS-CoV-2 strain co-infection on a prolonged viral shedding COVID-19 case: insights into clinical severity and disease duration. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.22.20248392

Discusses molecularly proven cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and multi-strain dynamics.

Interferons and tuft cell numbers are bottlenecks for persistent murine norovirus infection
Recorded source metadata

Somya Aggarwal, Forrest C. Walker, James S. Weagley, B. McCune, Xiaofen Wu, L. Schriefer, Heyde Makimaa, D. Lawrence, Pratyush R. Sridhar, Megan T. Baldridge. Interferons and tuft cell numbers are bottlenecks for persistent murine norovirus infection. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011961

Demonstrates that persistent viral infection involves a series of reinfection events over time.

Evolutionary dynamics analysis of virulence in viral infectious disease co-infection model
Recorded source metadata

Linlin Wang, Juping Zhang, Zhen Jin. Evolutionary dynamics analysis of virulence in viral infectious disease co-infection model. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218339026500099

Formulates transmission models that incorporate reinfection mechanisms for viral infectious diseases.

Waning immunity drives respiratory virus evolution and reinfection.
Recorded source metadata

James J Bull, Katia Koelle, Rustom Antia. Waning immunity drives respiratory virus evolution and reinfection.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.23.604867

Explains how waning immunity and antigenic variation drive reinfections with respiratory viruses.

The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked01 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 8401 Aug 2026
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