Scholarly sources report that certain individual Jews and administrative bodies such as the Judenrat engaged in enforced cooperation or collaboration under Nazi pressure during the Holocaust.
Focusing on the choices and actions of Jews during the Holocaust, this book examines the different patterns of behavior of civilians targeted by mass violence. Relying on rich archival material and hundreds of survivors' testimonies, the author presents a new framework for understanding the survival strategies in which Jews engaged: cooperation and collaboration, coping and compliance, evasion, and resistance. The book compares Jews' behavior in three Jewish ghettos—Minsk, Kraków, and Białystok—and shows that Jews' responses to Nazi genocide varied based on their experiences with prewar policies that either promoted or discouraged their integration into non-Jewish society. The book demonstrates that while possible survival strategies were the same for everyone, individuals' choices varied across and within communities. In more cohesive and robust Jewish communities, coping—confronting the danger and trying to survive without leaving—was more organized and successful, while collaboration with the Nazis and attempts to escape the ghetto were minimal. In more heterogeneous Jewish communities, collaboration with the Nazis was more pervasive, while coping was disorganized. In localities with a history of peaceful interethnic relations, evasion was more widespread than in places where interethnic relations were hostile. State repression before World War II, to which local communities were subject, determined the viability of anti-Nazi Jewish resistance. Exploring the critical influences shaping the decisions made by Jews in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe, the book sheds new light on the dynamics of collective violence and genocide.
ABSTRACT In order to mend rifts among the victims that were created by the Nazi method of delivering orders via intercalated ‘Jewish councils,’ Jews who were perceived as collaborators where brought to criminal courts and/or internal Jewish courts after the Shoah. In this regard, little has been said about the situation of German-Jewish survivors in postwar Germany. This article expands the findings of Laura Jockusch and others on the matter of the Ehrengericht (honor court) trials of the postwar Berlin Jewish Community. The article tries to fill in the blank spaces by combining these trials with complementary sources like compensation and criminal court files from the early postwar-period in both German states. One of these blanks is the role of the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RV) during the Shoah. The complicated role of this German-Jewish mock self-administration is seldomly discussed in the honor court trials although many trials revolved around the dilemmatas created by the enforced collaboration. Strikingly though, in its verdicts, the honor court retroactively legitimized the cooperation of RV members with the Gestapo – for instance following Gestapo orders to round up Jews – but condemned individuals who had not been RV employees and cracked under Gestapo torture following arrests resulting from their attempts to rescue others. The article discusses possible reasons for this incoherent practice which are related to aspects of class, gender and the contested person’s standing within the postwar community. Furthermore, the article aims to show, that the internal Jewish court became intertwined with the German judicial system and the compensation administration. This resulted in the disturbing situation that the German postwar administration increasingly interspersed with former Nazi personnel could deny survivors of the Shoah their compensation and legal status as a victim or even accuse them as Nazi criminals based on an inner-Jewish honor court verdict.
... people with dis- abilities , and other groups deemed to be enemies of the National Socialist Party and German people or otherwise undesirable by Nazi ideology ... Jewish councils, the Judenrat, who were responsible for 796 Holocaust.
Traditional explorations of war look through the lens of history and military science, focusing on big events, big battles, and big generals. By contrast, The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspective views war through the lens of the social sciences, looking at the causes, processes and effects of war and drawing from a vast group of fields such as communication and mass media, economics, political science and law, psychology and sociology. Key features include: More than 650 entries organized in an A-to-Z format, authored and signed by key academics in the field Entries conclude with cross-references and further readings, aiding the researcher further in their research journeys An alternative Reader’s Guide table of contents groups articles by disciplinary areas and by broad t
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