Evidence from multiple studies supports the Dunning-Kruger effect, showing that individuals with lower competence or performance in a domain tend to exhibit higher self-appraisal and overestimation of their abilities.
The retrieved literature contains several empirical studies explicitly investigating and finding evidence of the Dunning-Kruger effect across different domains (e.g., cognitive tasks, nutritional knowledge, surgical training, and nursing assessments), consistently showing that lower-performing individuals tend to overestimate their competence. None of the provided papers refute this phenomenon. Therefore, the verdict is SUPPORTED.