a cylinder function is used for the blur kernel at the display. Green is the PSF when a Gaussian function is used at the display. Gray is the target retinal PSF. Black represents the retinal PSF when the display blur kernel is produced by Equation 8 . The gray and black lines are nearly identical, which illustrates that our rendered PSF, viewed through the optics of the eye, produces a retinal image very close to the target image. Figure 5. Open in a new tab Displayed images produced using the blur kernels in Figure 3 : 4 mm pupil, 1 D of defocus, 550 nm. Left: Sharp, in-focus image. Middle-left: Displayed image created by blurring the left image with the cylinder function. Middle-right: Gaussian blur. Right: calculated blur kernel from Equation 4 . For the correct scale, view the images at a distance of 28 times the height of individual panels. Ideally, pupil diameter should be 4 mm. The differences are subtle when printed, but are more apparent if you examine on a display screen from a closer distance. Calculating displayed images Again we want to find the displayed image that when viewed by the imperfect eye will produce a retinal image as similar as possible to the target retinal image. If the scene is meant to appear in focus, the solution is straightforward: One generates a displayed image of high quality (i.e., no defocus or aberrations). When that image is viewed by an in-focus eye, the effects of diffraction, HOAs, and LCA are inserted by the viewer's eye, and the correct retinal image is produced. The solution is much less straightforward for creating displayed images that are meant to appear out of focus (or distorted by another aberration), but are viewed by an in-focus eye. We can calculate the desired retinal image using Equation 4 , but to create the correct displayed image, we must account for the effects introduced by the viewer's eye. Deconvolution Although we do not use deconvolution in this paper, it is useful to discuss it in order to illuminate