implication p ^q {If p, then q) is the impli¬ cation '^p ~q {If not p, then not q) that … (p V q) and ~ ( ~/7 (b) ~(p A and ^ (c) (~p ~q) and (q ^p) (d) r A (p -^q) and [(~p … statements (/> ^ ~?) and ~(q ^ ~p) are (a) logically equivalent (b) contradictory (c)