Detection of different gases in power transformer oil is essential to accurately examine and understand different problems and faults in the transformer system. Especially, during situations like corona discharge and arcing, evolution of hydrogen gas can be hazardous due to its highly flammable and explosive nature. Therefore, development of high-performance gas sensors targeted for hydrogen gas over a wide range of concentrations is very important. We suggest a facile and effective fabrication method of hydrogen sensing composite material based on palladium and nickel alloy with nanofiber structures originated from electrospinning. PdNi alloy, with further decoration with platinum nanoparticles as catalysts via apo-ferritin templating, shows greatly enhanced sensitivity and response time. Conventionally, Palladium is widely used as hydrogen sensors due to its well-known phase transition to PdH x , α-PdH x at hydrogen concentration below 1%, and β-PdH x at hydrogen concentration above 2%. However, huge volume expansion associated from this transformation limits its lifetime and reduces its long-term performance. In this work, nickel alloying effectively decreases the lattice parameters of the alloy, while increasing the stability during repetitive exposure to high concentration to hydrogen gas. Furthermore, formation of grain boundaries to compensate the lattice contraction induced by nickel alloying, high surface area from its nanofiber structure and gas dissociation and act

storing, transferring, and using hydrogen. Hydrogen has one of the widest explosive/ignition mix range with air of all the gases with few exceptions such as Hydrogen safety covers the safe production, handling and use of hydrogen, particularly hydrogen gas fuel and liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen possesses the NFPA 704's highest rating of four on the flammability scale because it is flammable when mixed even in small amounts with ordinary air. Ignition can occur at a volumetric ratio of hydrogen to air as low as 4% due to the oxygen in the air and the simpl Hydrogen safety covers the safe production, handling and use of hydrogen, particularly hydrogen gas fuel and liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen possesses the NFPA 704's highest rating of four on the flammability scale because it is flammable when mixed even in small amounts with ordinary air. Ignition can occur at a volumetric ratio of hydrogen to air as low as 4% due to the oxygen in the air and the simplicity and chemical properties of the reaction. However, hydrogen has no rating for innate hazard for reactivity or toxicity. The storage and use of hydrogen poses unique challenges due to its ease of leaking as a gaseous fuel, low-energy ignition, wide range of combustible fuel-air mixtures, buoyancy, and its ability to embrittle metals that must be accounted for to ensure safe operation. Liquid hydrogen poses additional challenges due to its increased density and the extremely low temperatures needed to keep it in liquid form. Moreover, its demand and use in industry—as rocket fuel, alternative energy storage source, coolant for electric generators in power stations, a feedstock in industrial and chemical processes including production of ammonia and methanol, etc.—has continued to increase, which has led to the increased importance of considerations of safety protocols in producing, storing, transferring, and using hydrogen. Hydrogen has one of the widest explosive/ignition mix range with air of all the gases with few exceptions such as acetylene, silane, and ethylene oxide, and in terms of minimum necessary ignition energy and mixture ratios has extremely low requirements for an explosion to occur. This means that whatever the mix proportion between air and hydrogen, when ignited in an enclosed space a hydrogen leak will most likely lead to an explosion, not a mere flame. There are many codes and standards regarding hydrogen safety in storage, transport, and use. These range from federal regulations, ANSI/AIAA, NFPA, and ISO standards. The Canadian Hydrogen Safety Program concluded that hydrogen fueling is as safe as, or safer than, compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling, Inerting chambers and purging gas lines are important standard safety procedures to take when…

Abstract A wide series of experiments has been performed to check the incentivity of hydrogen/air, ethene/air and propane/air mixtures due to brush discharges. Thereby, the transferred charge as a criterion to judge the ignition potential is determined to verify the thresholds of transferred charge given in the standards IEC 60079-0 and in EN 13463-1. These thresholds have never been examined directly in an experiment before. It is stated that the thresholds for explosion group IIA, IIB and IIC represent different levels of safety. Using adequate thresholds the criterion of transferred charge is suitable for a judgement of potential electrostatic ignition sources.