Humans fail to develop lasting immunity to Norovirus due to high mutation rates
Genomic evolution and high mutation rates in norovirus capsid proteins drive antigenic changes, enabling the virus to evade prior immunity and cause repeated infections.
The retrieved literature confirms that noroviruses rely on dynamic evolutionary processes, including high mutation and recombination rates in their capsids, to alter their antigenicity and sustain transmission despite population immunity.
Tohma K, Jacobsen S, Altmann B, Kendra JA, Landivar M, De La O WE, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Gomes KA, Chudnovsky S, Ford-Siltz LA, Pilewski KA, Gao Y, Mazo I, Niendorf S, Parra GI. GII.17 norovirus re-emerged in the 2020s as a result of dynamic and adaptive evolutionary processes.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66279-6
Paper [3] demonstrates that noroviruses undergo extensive genetic diversity and recurrent mutations, resulting in antigenic changes that help the virus achieve sustained transmission.
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Li T, Li J, Tang Z, Liu X, Yao S, Zhu J, Wang W, Huo L, Chen S, Zhang G, Liu Z. Genomic evolution of enteric pathogens: mechanisms of pathogenicity and diagnostic innovations.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1647437
Paper [11] notes that enteric viruses like noroviruses rapidly adapt to host cellular environments via genomic mutation and recombination to cause recurrent infections.
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