This article is a review of the literature on intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from fathers to sons in families of war veterans. The review addresses several questions: (1) Which fathers have a greater tendency to transmit their distress to their offspring? (2) What is transmitted from father to child? (3) How is the distress transmitted and through which mechanisms? And finally, (4) Which children are more vulnerable to the transmission of PTSD distress in the family? Whereas the existing literature deals mainly with fathers' PTSD as a risk for increased emotional and behavior problems among the children, this review also highlights the current paucity of knowledge regarding family members and extrafamilial systems that may contribute to intergenerational transmission of PTSD or to its moderation. Little is also known about resilience and strengths that may mitigate or prevent the risk of intergenerational transmission of trauma.

Introduction: In the context of the long-term military conflict a special attention is paid to the problem of socio-psychological adaptation of the young personality. It has been determined that the social environment, characterized by a significant level of frustration factors, has a significant impact on mass consciousness, in particular on the psychological state of youth, forming conditions for increased socio-psychological vulnerability. Methods: The work uses an interdisciplinary approach using general scientific methods of cognition: synthesis, systematization and generalization. For empirical analysis, statistical data processing methods, psychological methods of diagnosing adaptation strategies, as well as analysis of behavioral and cognitive models of overcoming difficult life situations were used. Results: Typological features of youth personality adaptation were established, characterized by cognitive, conative and emotional components. It was found that different types of adaptation significantly affect self-esteem, social activity and resilience of young people to psychotraumatic influences associated with military conflict. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop innovative concepts of mass consciousness regulation through the targeted use of mass communication tools, which is critically important for maintaining mental health and social stability.Conclusions: The paper proposes a conceptual approach to the development of programs for the socio-psychological adaptation of youth in conditions of military operations, with an emphasis on preventing frustration states, neurotic disorders, and psychological trauma by taking into account destructive life attitudes and value orientations.

Danger is a fundamental aspect of the lives of most animals. Adaptive behavior therefore requires avoiding actions, objects, and environments associated with danger. Previous research has shown that humans and non-human animals can avoid such dangers through two types of behavioral adaptions, (i) genetic preparedness to avoid certain stimuli or actions, and (ii) social learning. These adaptive mechanisms reduce the fitness costs associated with danger but still allow flexible behavior. Despite the empirical prevalence and importance of both these mechanisms, it is unclear when they evolve and

Transgenerational trauma, intergenerational trauma, or generational trauma is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by Transgenerational trauma, intergenerational trauma, or generational trauma is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by people has on subsequent generations in that group. The primary mode of transmission is the shared family environment of the infant, causing psychological, behavioral and social changes in the individual. Collective trauma is when psychological tr Transgenerational trauma, intergenerational trauma, or generational trauma is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by people has on subsequent generations in that group. The primary mode of transmission is the shared family environment of the infant, causing psychological, behavioral and social changes in the individual. Collective trauma is when psychological trauma experienced by communities and identity groups is carried on as part of the group's collective memory and shared sense of identity. For example, collective trauma was experienced by Jewish Holocaust survivors and their contemporaries within the wider Jewish community. As another example, the Indigenous Peoples of Canada experienced it within the Canadian Indian residential school system. African Americans who were enslaved is another. When this collective trauma affects subsequent generations, it is called transgenerational trauma. For example, when Jewish people, who are born into a later generation, learn about the Holocaust (presumably from older family members), and then experience extreme stress or practice survivalism out of fear of another Holocaust. Transgenerational trauma can be a collective experience that affects groups of people who share a cultural identity (e.g., ethnicity, nationality, or religious identity). It can also be applied to single families or individual parent–child dyads. For example, survivors of individual child abuse and both direct survivors of the collective trauma and members of subsequent generations individually may develop complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Examples of this include collective trauma experienced by descendants of the Atlantic slave trade; segregation and Jim Crow laws in the United States; apartheid in South Africa; the Scramble for Africa, Armenian genocide survivors, Jewish Holocaust survivors and other members of the Jewish community at the time; Bosnian war survivors; by the First Peoples of Canada within the Canadian Indian residential school system; by Native Americans when they were forcibly displaced and removed from their land; and, in Australia, the Stolen Generations and other hardships inflicted…

sttraumatic stress disorder: Timing of symptoms Although symptoms of PTSD usually begin within 3 months of a trauma in adulthood, there can be a delay of months or even years before symptoms appear for some people. Some people may have minimal symptoms after a trauma but then experience a crisis later in life. Trauma symptoms can appear suddenly, even without conscious memory of the original trauma or without any overt provocation. Survivors of abuse in childhood can have a delayed response triggered by something that happens to them as adults. For example, seeing a movie about child abuse can trigger symptoms related to the trauma. Other triggers include returning to the scene of the trauma, being reminded of it in some other way, or noting the anniversary of an event. Likewise, combat veterans and survivors of community-wide disasters may seem to be coping well shortly after a trauma, only to have symptoms emerge later when their life situations seem to have stabilized. Some clients in substance abuse recovery only begin to experience trauma symptoms when they maintain abstinence for some time. As individuals decrease tension-reducing or self-medicating behaviors, trauma memories and symptoms can emerge. Advice to Counselors: Helping Clients With Delayed Trauma Responses Clients who are experiencing a delayed trauma response can benefit if you help them to: Create an environment that allows acknowledgment of the traumatic event(s). Discuss their initial recall or first suspicion that they were having a traumatic response. Become educated on delayed trauma responses. Draw a connection between the trauma and presenting trauma-related symptoms. Create a safe environment. Explore their support systems and fortify them as needed. Understand that triggers can precede traumatic stress reactions, including delayed responses to trauma. Identify their triggers. Develop coping strategies to navigate and manage symptoms. Culture and posttraumatic stress Although research is l