Humans contract colds and flu more frequently during winter months
Extensive global surveillance and epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate that both colds and influenza exhibit pronounced increases in incidence and hospitalization during the winter months.
The retrieved papers provide robust empirical evidence from multiple regions worldwide (including Saudi Arabia, the US, China, and Europe) demonstrating strong winter seasonality for influenza and other respiratory viral infections. The claim is well-supported by peer-reviewed literature.
Alahmadi RM, Awadalla M, Saeed B, Alshanbari HM, Shokeralla AA, Yassin AA, Alosaimi B, Guma FE. A hybrid STL-LightGBM framework with probabilistic forecasting for Influenza A incidence in the post-pandemic Saudi Arabia.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1803353
Paper 0 demonstrates strong winter seasonality for influenza incidence in Saudi Arabia.
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Hedman HD. Game Over for the Baseline: Influenza Hospitalization Patterns Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic (FluSurv-NET, 2009-2025).. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr18030061
Paper 1 tracks long-term annual influenza hospitalization patterns that consistently peak in colder months.
Mu S, Xia R, Zhai J, Guo Y, Li J, Yu M, Guo R, Wen X, Zou Y, Liu W. Incorporating meteorological factors into a SARIMA model for predicting pediatric influenza epidemics.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1776470
Paper 4 finds that pediatric influenza cases peak in winter and correlate negatively with temperature and humidity.
Manghrio UI, Alyami MA, Shaman RA, Howeti SA, Mukhtar O. Spectrum of Respiratory Viral Illness in the Northwestern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Molecular Multiplex PCR-Based Study in a Tertiary Care Setting.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.107372
Paper 5 observes distinct winter peaks for respiratory viruses including influenza A.
Branislava Lalic, Vladimir Koci, Ana Firanj Sremac, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen. Revisiting Influenza Transmission Patterns Through a Novel Seasonality Index. 2025. https://doi.org/10.5194/ems2025-414
Paper 8 establishes a strong correlation between winter season duration and influenza transmission rates across diverse countries.
Yunkai Zhang. Seasonal Influenza Transmission Patterns and Predictive Modeling. 2025. https://doi.org/10.61173/makgs631
Paper 9 reviews evidence that absolute humidity and environmental drivers explain influenza's robust winter seasonality in temperate climates.
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