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the claim
Humans can voluntarily control their brain's electrical activity through neurofeedback
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
12 sources for · 0 against

Multiple studies demonstrate that humans can learn to voluntarily modulate their brain's electrical and hemodynamic activity using real-time neurofeedback systems.

Evidence for · 12
Self-regulation of human brain activity using simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback
2013 · cited by 219
Demonstrates that participants were able to simultaneously regulate hemodynamic and electrophysiological activities using real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedback.
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The analysis

All retrieved papers consistently support the premise that neurofeedback enables humans to gain voluntary control over their brain's electrical or hemodynamic activity, with applications in cognitive enhancement and clinical treatment.

More for · 11
OpenNFT: An open-source Python/Matlab framework for real-time fMRI neurofeedback training based on activity, connectivity and multivariate pattern analysis
2017 · cited by 74
Outlines a framework for real-time fMRI neurofeedback training allowing voluntary control over localized brain activity.
Social reward improves the voluntary control over localized brain activity in fMRI-based neurofeedback training
2015 · cited by 52
Shows that participants successfully learned to control activation in the anterior cingulate cortex using fMRI-based neurofeedback.
Review of the therapeutic neurofeedback method using electroencephalography: EEG Neurofeedback
2018 · cited by 45
Reviews EEG neurofeedback methods enabling individuals to gain better control over neurophysiological parameters.
Neurofeedback with low-cost, wearable electroencephalography (EEG) reduces symptoms in chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
2021 · cited by 38
Shows that wearable EEG neurofeedback promotes self-regulation of brain activity to reduce PTSD symptoms.
Connectivity Changes Underlying Neurofeedback Training of Visual Cortex Activity
2014 · cited by 33
Finds that participants successfully learned voluntary control over visual cortex activity through fMRI neurofeedback.
Getting stress-related disorders under control: the untapped potential of neurofeedback.
2024 · cited by 17
Discusses neurofeedback as a method for training voluntary control over brain activity.
Preliminary findings on long‐term effects of fMRI neurofeedback training on functional networks involved in sustained attention
2023 · cited by 9
Notes that fMRI neurofeedback allows learning voluntary control over one's own brain activity.
Self-Regulation of Attention in Children in a Virtual Classroom Environment: A Feasibility Study
2023 · cited by 8
Demonstrates feasibility of EEG-based neurofeedback for regulating attention and cognitive focus.
Mindfulness-based Emotional Acceptance in Combination with Neurofeedback for Improving Emotion Self-Regulation: a Pilot Study
2022 · cited by 7
Explores low-cost wearable EEG neurofeedback combined with mindfulness for emotional self-regulation.
Evaluating the effects of multimodal EEG-fNIRS neurofeedback for motor imagery: An experimental platform and study protocol
2025 · cited by 3
Presents an experimental platform for self-regulation of brain activity using multimodal neurofeedback.
EEG-Based Neurofeedback in Athletes and Non-Athletes: A Scoping Review of Outcomes and Methodologies
2025 · cited by 2
Discusses EEG-based neurofeedback processes that provide real-time feedback to support self-regulation of targeted brain rhythms.
Everything we examined (12)
We also searched for evidence AGAINST this claim, not only for it.
  1. Self-regulation of human brain activity using simultaneous real-time fMRI and EEG neurofeedbackpeer-reviewedsupports
  2. OpenNFT: An open-source Python/Matlab framework for real-time fMRI neurofeedback training based on activity, connectivity and multivariate pattern analysispeer-reviewedsupports
  3. Social reward improves the voluntary control over localized brain activity in fMRI-based neurofeedback trainingpeer-reviewedsupports
  4. Review of the therapeutic neurofeedback method using electroencephalography: EEG Neurofeedbackpeer-reviewedsupports
  5. Neurofeedback with low-cost, wearable electroencephalography (EEG) reduces symptoms in chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.peer-reviewedsupports
  6. Connectivity Changes Underlying Neurofeedback Training of Visual Cortex Activitypeer-reviewedsupports
  7. Getting stress-related disorders under control: the untapped potential of neurofeedback.peer-reviewedsupports
  8. Preliminary findings on long‐term effects of fMRI neurofeedback training on functional networks involved in sustained attentionpeer-reviewedsupports
  9. Self-Regulation of Attention in Children in a Virtual Classroom Environment: A Feasibility Studypeer-reviewedsupports
  10. Mindfulness-based Emotional Acceptance in Combination with Neurofeedback for Improving Emotion Self-Regulation: a Pilot Studypeer-reviewedsupports
  11. Evaluating the effects of multimodal EEG-fNIRS neurofeedback for motor imagery: An experimental platform and study protocolpeer-reviewedsupports
  12. EEG-Based Neurofeedback in Athletes and Non-Athletes: A Scoping Review of Outcomes and Methodologiespeer-reviewedsupports
The paper trail · every fact has a biography
first checked06 Aug 2026
judged → SUPPORTED · 9006 Aug 2026
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