contents, such as face recognition and language processing. Cognitive processes responsible for perception rely on various heuristics to simplify problems Cognition encompasses mental processes that deal with knowledge. It includes psychological activities that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. Cognitive processes are a fundamental part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world. Cognitive processes are typically categorized by their function. Perception organizes and interprets sensory inform A language, such as English, Japanese, or American Sign Language, is a structured communication system based on symbols and rules to share information and coordinate action. Language plays a central role in everyday life and influences other cognitive processes, but there are disagreements about the extent of these influences. The Whorfian hypothesis and the thesis of linguistic relativity propose pervasive influences, arguing that language shapes thought patterns and that speakers of distinct languages think differently. Many cognitive processes are involved in the acquisition, comprehension, and production of linguistic expressions. Language acquisition happens naturally in early childhood through exposure to a linguistic environment. It is a complex process since the system of spoken language is made up of several layers. At the fundamental level are basic sounds or sound units. They usually do not have linguistic meaning themselves but are combined into words, which refer to diverse things and ideas. Words are combined into sentences by following the rules of grammar. This system makes it possible to form and comprehend an infinite number of sentences based on knowledge of a finite number of words and rules. The exact meaning of sentences usually depends also on the context in which they are used. Although distinct languages can differ significantly in their general structure, there are some universal cognitive pat They can also take place unconsciously, such as automatic mechanisms responsible for language processing and facial recognition. Many fields of inquiry study cognition, including psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy. While research focuses primarily on the human mind, cognition is not limited to humans and encompasses animal and artificial forms. The term cognition originates from the Indo-European root gnō-, meaning 'to know'. This root is present in the Latin term gnōscere, also meaning 'to know', which led to the formation of the verb cognōscere, meaning 'to learn, to understand'. Words are combined into sentences by following the rules of grammar. This system makes it possible to form and comprehend an infinite number of sentences based on knowledge of a finite number of words and rules. The exact meaning of sentences usually depends also on the context in which they are used. Although distinct languages can differ significantly in their general structure, there are some universal cognitive patterns that underlie all human languages. Language comprehension is the process of understanding spoken, written, and signed language. For example, expectations cause longer processing times if a familiar word occurs in a context where the audience did not expect it. While language comprehension seeks to uncover the meaning of pre-existing linguistic messages, language production involves the inverse process of generating linguistic expressions to convey thoughts. Before a statement can be precisely formulated, speakers construct a general idea of what they wish to express, and a rough sentence pattern of how to communicate it. Speakers then cognitively search for words that match the concepts they wish to convey. Information-processing models often rely on a hierarchical cognitive architecture where a central system integrates information from other units and formulates overall goals. The language of thought hypothesis is a version of classical computationalism arguing that thought happens through the medium of an internal linguistic system, termed mentalese, similar to natural languages such as English. According to this view, internal symbols and their combination into strings are like words and sentences composed according to the rules of grammar. The language of thought hypothesis suggests that mental states like beliefs and desires are realized as mentalese sentences and that cognitive operations manipulate these sentences according to specific rules to transform or extract information. Some symbol-based approaches use formal logic as a model of cognition. According to this view, internal representations have the form of statements, similar to declarative sentences. Computational processes are conceptualized as rules of inference, which take one or more sentences as input and produce a new sentence as output. For example, if a person has an unconscious core belief that they are fundamentally inadequate, they may misinterpret a neutral interaction as a rejection. Cognitive behavior therapists seek to restructure problematic attitudes by helping clients modify dysfunctional thought patterns and maladaptive behavior. Many topics in computer science are relevant to cognition, particularly for approaches that understand cognition in terms of computation and information processing. Theories of computation examine the nature of computation and explore which problems can be solved computationally. Allen Newell (1927–1992) and Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001) helped establish the field of artificial intelligence while demonstrating how computers can model and simulate human problem-solving. In linguistics, Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) examined how the brain processes language, identifying universal patterns of language mechanisms. These developments across several fields of inquiry led to the formation of cognitive science in the 1970s. David Marr (1945–1980) helped unify this interdisciplinary field with the

L. S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical theory postulates the underlying unity of psychological and social factors contributing to the formation of man. It explains both internal factors determining the evolution of consciousness and social trends in social development. The paper highlights the role of L. S. Vygotsky’s theory in the interpretation of the changes in the modern human consciousness. These changes are caused by new culture tools of knowledge building currently created in the information space. The author emphasises the following ideas proposed by L. S. Vygotsky: 1) signs are functionally analogous to tools; 2) culture intentionally creates objects to realise its communicative-significative function; 3) sign utilization leads to the formation of fundamentally new associative bonds in the brain. Such bonds create a novel regulatory mechanism of human behaviour; 4) social determination of man is achieved with the help of signs; 5) the formation and functioning of mind depend on the means of thought and individual sociocultural experience; 6) ‘socialised speech’ influences the evolution of inner speech as a specific type of thinking-in-words and the logic of thinking; 7) the historical evolution of human culture plays the key role in the formation and functioning of individual psyches; 8) due to sign usage the nature of human evolution changed from biological to sociohistorical; consequently, mankind’s evolution significantly depends on the signs used by individuals. Mo 416 c. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://vuzdoc.ru/128828/psihologiya/modelirovanie_kognitivnyh_protsessov#303937 (дата обращения: 29.01.2021). Рецензия Для цитирования: Пищальникова В.А. Культурно-историческая теория Л. С. Выготского: глобализация, постнеклассическая парадигма и цифровизация. Русский язык в школе . 2021;82(4):52-60. https://doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2021-82-4-52-60 For citation: Pishchalnikova V.А. L. S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical theory: globalisation, post-non-classical paradigm and digitalisation. Russian language at school . 2021;82(4):52-60.