Multiple physiological and biomechanical studies establish that human running speed is fundamentally constrained by muscle contraction velocity and metabolic power output.
The claim specifies that human running speed is biologically limited by muscle contraction velocity and metabolic power output. Paper [3] directly models and proves that maximum muscle contraction velocity and muscle-tendon dynamics mechanistically limit maximum running speed. Paper [8] quantifies the metabolic power contributions (aerobic and anaerobic) that determine sprint performance limits. Papers [0] and [2] provide experimental evidence regarding how muscle force-velocity potentials and power-velocity dynamics constrain running economy and maximum speeds. All provided evidence supports the claim without refutations.