Human bodies emit a visible or detectable energetic aura.

The effect of constitutive pigmentation on the measured emissivity of human skin. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241843

Background: The measurement of body temperature has become commonplace in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Body temperature can be measured using thermal infrared imaging, a safe, non-contact method that relies on the emissivity of the skin being known to provide accurate readings. Skin pigmentation affects the absorption of visible light and enables us to see variations in skin colour. Pigmentation may also affect the absorption of infrared radiation and thus affect thermal imaging. Human skin has an accepted emissivity of 0.98 but the effect of different skin pigmentation on this value is not PLoS One PLoS One 440 plosone 101285081 plos PLoS ONE 1932-6203 PLOS PMC7688144 PMC7688144.1 7688144 7688144 33237918 10.1371/journal.pone.0241843 PONE-D-20-20486 1 Research Article Biology and Life Sciences Physiology Physiological Parameters Body Temperature Skin Temperature Biology and Life Sciences Physiology Physiological Parameters Body Temperature Physical Sciences Physics Electromagnetic Radiation Light Visible Light Physical Sciences Physics Electromagnetic Radiation Infrared Radiation Research and Analysis Methods Spectrum Analysis Techniques Spectrophotometry People and Places Population Groupings Ethnicities Biology and Life Sciences Anatomy Integumentary System Skin Medicine and Health Sciences Anatomy Integumentary System Skin Physical Sciences Physics Electromagnetic Radiation The effect of constitutive pigmentation on the measured emissivity of human skin The effect of pigmentation on the emissivity of skin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3787-8418 Charlton Matthew Conceptualization Data curation Formal analysis Investigation Methodology Project administration Supervision Writing – original draft Writing – review & editing 1 2 3 * Stanley Sophie A. Body temperature can be measured using thermal infrared imaging, a safe, non-contact method that relies on the emissivity of the skin being known to provide accurate readings. Skin pigmentation affects the absorption of visible light and enables us to see variations in skin colour. Pigmentation may also affect the absorption of infrared radiation and thus affect thermal imaging. Human skin has an accepted emissivity of 0.98 but the effect of different skin pigmentation on this value is not known. In this study, we investigated the influence of different skin pigmentation on thermal emissivity in 65 adult volunteers. Any object with a temperature above absolute zero emits electromagnetic radiation, known as infrared or thermal radiation. This emitted radiation is detected by IRT imaging systems to generate temperature readings and a visual representation of the temperature distribution across a surface. To calculate the temperature of an object using IRT, the emissivity of that object must be known. Emissivity describes the efficiency with which an object absorbs and emits radiation at a given temperature when compared to a black body (a ‘perfect emitter’). Real-world objects are not perfect emitters as unless the object is opaque some radiation is reflected and/or transmitted, and therefore have emissivity values of less than one. Transmitted and reflected radiation do not relate to the object’s temperature and must be accounted for to provide an accurate measurement. Several small studies have attempted to calculate the emissivity of human skin [ 2 , 4 – 11 ]. Published emissivity values have varied, probably because of methodological differences between studies. Despite there being no definitive consensus for normal values, most report a range between 0.97 and 0.99, with 0.98 being the most widely accepted figure [ 2 ]. The Fitzpatrick classification system ( Fig 1 ) is the method used most commonly to measure constitutive skin pigmentation (i.e. that which is genetically determined and unaffected by ultraviolet exposure). The scale comprises six groups. 10.1371/journal.pone.0241843.g001 Fig 1 The Fitzpatrick skin phototype scale. Skin pigmentation can be quantitatively measured using reflectance spectrophotometry (RS). In RS, white light is emitted from a standardised source (xenon lamp) onto the target object. Reflected light from the object is recorded at fixed wavelengths in the visible spectrum via a monochromator (400–700 nm), usually at 5–10 nm intervals. Coincidentally these studies observed skin emissivity to be unaltered by skin pigmentation. It was hypothesised that pigmentation would affect skin reflectivity and therefore emissivity in the infrared spectrum. However, this study contradicts that suggestion. The original hypothesis was based on the effect of pigmentation on light in the visible spectrum that enables us to see variations in skin colour [ 5 , 17 , 18 ]. The layer of the skin responsible for pigmentation is the stratum basale , which lies beneath the translucent stratum corneum [ 18 ]. Although electromagnetic radiation at shorter wavelengths (e.g. visible light - λ = 380nm-780nm) can penetrate the stratum corneum, radiation at longer wavelengths (e.g. infrared - λ = 0.76μm-1000μm) may not. Emissivity to infrared light may therefore be determined by the stratum corneum , which is universally translucent among skin of all pigmentations [ 5 , 18 ]. The effect of wavelength on reflectivity in skin of different pigmentation has been investigated experimentally. Two small studies demonstrated The calculated skin emissivity value for this individual was very similar to the other groups, which all contained similar numbers of participants, with no significant variation in emissivity between groups. Recruitment was restricted by the ethnicity and characteristics of our local population, and we could not overcome this limitation of the study. Further studies in areas with different population demographics would strengthen the application of IRT more widely. Conclusion These data show that skin emissivity in humans is unaffected by skin pigmentation and support the use of an emissivity value of 0.98 for universal use.

Chaos-rhythm technology in research of intrinsic electromagnetic field of biological objects. 2024. https://doi.org/10.26102/2310-6018/2024.45.2.032

Любой живой организм имеет собственное биологическое поле, зависящее как от характеристик и состояния живого организма, так и от факторов внешней среды. При информационном воздействии внешних факторов наблюдается изменение фрактальной структуры этого поля и образование особых хаотических сигналов, параметры которых могут служить основой для решения различных научных и практических задач. В статье представлена технология исследования электромагнитных полей биологических объектов на основе анализа изменения структуры хаоса широкополосных хаотических сигналов собственных электромагнитных излучений, генерируемых под действием внешнего информативного электромагнитного поля с заданной напряженностью и модуляционно-временными параметрами. Для оценки структуры хаотических сигналов предлагается использовать такие методы фрактального подхода, как отображение Пуанкаре, вычисление соответствующей размерности Хаусдорфа и параметров хаос-ритма. На основе проведенных экспериментов установлено наличие характерной зависимости параметров хаос-ритма собственных электромагнитных излучений биообъекта как от характеристик и состояния самого живого организма, так и от параметров, последовательности и скорости изменения внешнего информативного электромагнитного поля. Определена степень информационного воздействия внешнего электромагнитного поля на человека, которая может превосходить энергетическое по некоторым показателям почти в 4 раза. Доказана возможность использования предложенной технологии для решения различных научных и практических задач: медицинских исследований функционального состояния организма, оценки и контроля воздействия электромагнитных полей на здоровье человека, разработки средств защиты окружающей среды и человека от радиоизлучающих систем, обнаружения и распознавания биообъектов заданного класса. Any living organism has its own biological field, which depends both on the characteristics and state of the living organism and on environmental factors. Under informationa The degree of informative influence of the external electromagnetic field on a human being is determined, which can exceed the energetic one by some indicators almost 4 times. The possibility of using the proposed technology to solve various scientific and practical problems has been proved: medical studies of the functional state of the organism, assessment and control of the impact of electromagnetic fields on human health, development of means to protect the environment and humans from radio- emitting systems, detection and recognition of bioobjects of a given class. Larionov Yu.S., Larionov V.S., Yaroslavtsev N.A., Prikhodko S.M., Baranova Ye.I. Electromagnetic information approach to the complete natural -science picture of the material. Vestnik Sibirskoi gosudarstvennoi geodezicheskoi akademii. 2014;(4):158–174. (In Russ.). 2. Okechukwu C.E. Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic F ield Exposure on Neurophysiology. Advances in Human Biology. 2020;10(1):6–10. https://doi.org/10.410 3/AIHB.AIHB_96_19 3. Цветкова Е.А., Гольдаде В.А. Взаимодействие электромагнитных полей с биополем человека. Проблемы физики, математики и техники. 2012;(1):51–58. Tsvetkova E.A., Goldade V.A. Interaction between electromagnetic fields and human biofield. Perm: Perm State Technical University; 2010. P. 84– 91. (In Russ.). 6. Hirata A., Diao Y., Onishi T., Sasaki K., Ahn S., Colombi D., De Santis V., Laakso I., Giaccone L., Wout J., Rashed E.A., Kainz W., Chen J. Assessment of Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Review and Future Directions. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 2021;63(5):1619–1630. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2021.3109249 7. Чубий А.Д., Жуков В.О. Определение возможности дистанционной персональной идентификации человека по его собственным хаотическим электромагнитным излучениям. Пермь: Изд-во ОАО СНИБ «Эльбрус»; 2011. Chubii A.D., Zhukov V.O.