Heating a resistor can produce an electric voltage.
Heating a resistive or thermoelectric material creates a temperature gradient that produces an electric voltage via the Seebeck effect.
The claim is specific, empirical, and falsifiable. Multiple retrieved papers describe thermoelectric power generation and the Seebeck effect, wherein applying heat or a temperature gradient across conductive elements or semiconductor junctions produces an electric voltage. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the claim.
Yujie Hu, Shanshan Liu, Jing Huang, Xingxing Li, Qunxiang Li. Gate-Tunable Spin Seebeck Effect and Pure Spin Current Generation in Molecular Junctions Based on Bipolar Magnetic Molecules.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01702
Discusses how the Seebeck effect generates spin and charge voltages in response to an applied temperature gradient.
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N. Sugiartha, P. Sastra Negara. Technical Feasibility Evaluation on The Use of A Peltier Thermoelectric Module to Recover Automobile Exhaust Heat. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012090
Demonstrates that thermoelectric modules use the Seebeck effect to convert temperature differences, such as those produced by heating, into electrical power.
L. V. G. Fachini, Pedro Leineker Ochoski Machado, L. Krambeck, R. Szmoski, T. A. Alves. Heat Recovery and Power Generation Using Thermoelectric Generator. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85122
Shows that heating a thermoelectric generator using resistors produces an electric potential difference via the Seebeck effect.
B. Solovev, Bilus A. Khuziakhmetov, G. Gamisonia, R. Khazieva. Seebeck Effect-Based Energy Generation Using Peltier Modules. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/UralCon67204.2025.11206584
Evaluates the generation of electrical energy from heat flux based on the Seebeck effect using thermoelectric modules.
Zhiqiang Zhang, Xinyu Qiao, Runqi Gu, C. Zheng, Jianqiu Huang. A Novel Real-Time Self-Monitoring Ka-Band MEMS Power Divider/Combiner for GaAs MMIC Application. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2025.3566536
Utilizes Seebeck-effect-based thermopile resistors to monitor power by detecting thermal gradients.
J. Choi, Jung-Min Cho, No‐Won Park, Yun‐Ho Kim, Gil-Sung Kim, Won‐Yong Lee, Gangmin Park, Md Sabbir Akhanda, B. Shivaram, Steven P. Bennett, Mona Zebarjadi, Sang‐Kwon Lee. Thermally Driven Spin Transport of Epitaxial FeRh Films with a Non-magnetic Pt Layer via the Longitudinal Spin Seebeck Effect.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c12754
Examines the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect to generate thermoelectric voltage from temperature gradients in magnetic films.
Shen X, Qi Y, Yuan M, Chen D, Wang Y, Sun Y, Shi G. A thermoelectric wristband based on single-walled carbon nanotubes for energy harvesting.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12751-8
Demonstrates wearable thermoelectric devices that harvest energy and generate output power under a temperature difference.
Liu Y, Chen Z, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Cheng J. High-throughput chip-calorimeter using a Bi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> thermopile heat flux sensor array.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-025-01082-3
Employs thermoelectric thermopiles where electrical calibration is achieved via Joule heating to measure heat flux.
Li H, Gu Z, Zhu Y, Jiao Z, Tian J, Li Y, Chai Y, Chi X. Synergistic dual anion regulation unlocks giant thermopower and power density in hydrogel.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71285-3
Harvests thermal energy using temperature gradients to produce electrical power through thermoelectric materials.
Xu Y, Zhang X, Lou S, Tang Z, Xie D, Zhang C, Chen M, Liu H, Sun C, Ou Y, Zong PA. Stack of Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>/Carbon Films with Pyramid Interface for Dual-Mode Temperature-Pressure Sensing in Aquatic Environments.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02254-0
Develops composite films with enhanced thermoelectric properties for detecting temperature variations via voltage generation.
Tran TL, Van Nguyen D, Khanh TL, Hoang T, Tran TT, Song P, Nguyen NT, Dao DV, Bell J, Deo RC, Dinh T. A Sensitive Thermoelectric Respiratory Sensor Using a Hollow-Square Structure of Cubic Silicon Carbide-Based Heterojunction.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202510634
Demonstrates a self-powered sensor operating via the Seebeck effect that generates thermal voltage in response to elevated temperatures.
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